| Letter |
Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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| QUICKVIEW |
A
B C D
E F G
H I J
K L M
N O P
Q R S
T U V
W X Y
Z |
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Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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Abate |
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Abdomen |
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Absorption |
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Acanthomyops |
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Acanthoscelides
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Acari |
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Acaricide |
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Accelerated Test |
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Access Panel |
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Acephate |
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Acetone |
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Acetylcholine |
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Acetylcholinesterase |
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Acheta |
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Actellic |
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Acute Dose |
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Acute Poison |
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Additive |
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Adhesives |
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ADI |
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Admixture |
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Adsorption |
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Adult |
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Aedes |
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Aerogel |
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Aorosil |
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Aerosol |
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Aerosol Generator |
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Aggregation |
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Aggregation Pheromone |
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Agricultural Chemicals
Approval Scheme |
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Air Brick |
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Air Curtain |
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Alarm Call
Chemical |
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Aldrin |
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Alexandrine Rat |
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Alimentary
Canal |
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Allergen |
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Allergy |
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Allethrin |
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Almond Moth |
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Alphachloralose
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Alphachlorohydrin |
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Alphakil |
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Alpha naphthyl
thiourea |
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Altosid |
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Alluminium Phosphide |
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American Cockroach |
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American Dog Tick |
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Ammonium Carbamate |
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Amyl Nitrate |
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Anagasta |
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Analytical Methods |
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Anatomy |
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Angoumois Grain Moth |
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Animal Rooms |
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Animals (Cruel Poisons Act)
1962 (UK) |
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Anobiidae |
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Anobium punctatum |
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Anopheles |
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Anoplura |
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Antagonist |
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Antenna |
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Anthrenus verbasci |
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Anticaking agent |
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Anticoagulants |
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Antidote |
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Antimetabolite |
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Antimony potassium tartrate |
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Antoxidant |
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Antiseptic |
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Ants |
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ANTU |
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Aphodius rufipes |
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Apis mellifera |
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Apodemus sylvaticus |
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Approval of Pesticides |
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Arachis oil |
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Arachnida |
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Araecerus fasciculatus |
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Araneae |
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Architrave |
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Arcton |
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Argentine Ant |
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Arprocarb |
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Arsenic trioxide |
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Arthropoda |
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Artificial respiration |
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Aseptic |
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Atomisation |
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Atomiser |
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Atropine Sulphate |
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Attagenus |
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Attractant |
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Australian Cockroach |
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Australian Spider Beetle |
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Automatic Insecticide
Dispenser |
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Autumn Fly |
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Avicide |
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Avitrol |
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Abate
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(product)
An organophosphorous compound with acute oral LD50 (rat) |
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of 2300 mg/kg:
relatively non toxic to bees, birds and aquatic organisms. |
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Abdomen
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(zoo) The
hind part of animals, carrying the anal and genital openings, |
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and containing the
terminal sections of the gut, reproductive system, and most of
the excretory organs. In insects, the segments behind the
thorax: there are basically 11 segments, but this number is
often reduced, and some are telescoped so that they are invisible
externally. Most visible segments carry spiracles on each side
opening into the respiratory system. In adult insects,
appendages are usually absent, except sometimes for a pair of anal
cerci and the genital appendages of which the most obvious are the
claspers (male) and ovipositor (female).
In woodlice, millipedes and centipedes,
most abdominal segments carry legs or leg - like appendages. In
mammals, the abdomen is not defined externally, but consists of that
part of the body lying between the diapragm and the pelvis. |
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Absorbtion
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(phy) Of
insecticides, the passage of all or part of a spray into the |
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surface to which it was
applied. Of fumigants, the passage of the gas into the commodity
being fumigated. Dermal absorption:
the entry of a pesticide into the body via the skin following
accidental contamination. Into insects: the passage of
insecticide through the cuticle. |
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Acanthomyops
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(ent) See
Lassius |
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Acanthoscelides obtectus
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(ent) Coleoptera:
Bruchidae. The Bean Beetle, Bean Weevil. Breeds on |
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all types of
stored pulses. Similar in habits to Callosobruchus maculatus
(q.v.). The adult (3mm long) is olive brown with darker brown
markson the elytra: thorax covered with fine yellow orange
hairs. Eggs are laid singly on or near beans but not glued to
surface. Reproduction ceases below 15 �c. |
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Acari
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(zoo) Acarina.
The subclass or order of arachnida containing mites and |
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ticks. Mites
have some similarities with insects in that they have jointed legs (6
in larvae, 8 in adults) and an exoskeleton, but their bodies are
without division into head, thorax and abdomen. Mites appear to
the naked eye as a coarse dust and can often only be detected by their
movement. They infest a variety of materials sich as cereals,
flour, cheese and smoked meats. The species of ecomomic
importance are found principally in mills, grain and cheese stores,
and domestic larders where they attack any foodstuff with a
sufficiently high moisture content.
Mites, (particularly Acarus siro) taint
food and produce a characteristic "Minty" odour. They
can also cause dermatitis to those handling infested food, some
species causing severe skin irritation (e.g. Furniture mite,
Glycyphagus domesticus).
Other troublesome mites are the House
Dust Mite - Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, The Itch Mite - Sarcoptes
scabiei, and Harvest mite - Trombicula autumnalis which cause allergic
reactions in lungs and on the skin. See also Dermanyssus
gallinae and Tyrophagus. |
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Acaricide
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(chem)
A substance which kills Acari (mites) |
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Acarus siro
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(zoo)
Acari: Tyroglyphidae. Previously known as Tyroglyphus
farinae, |
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the
flour mite is a serious pest of cereals and cereal products when
stored at high moisture contents. Females lay a few eggs per day
with a total of 30 to 50: They are similar to the eggs of other mite
species and hatch in 3 - 4 days. The larva is minute (0.15mm)
with 3 pairs of legs: it moults after 4 - 5 days into the 1st stage
nymph with 4 pairs of legs. The 2nd stage nymph moults into an
adult without passing through the pupal stage. A hypopus or
resting stage may occur between the nymphal stages.
The adult is 0.5mm long, white or pale
brown with 4 pairs of legs and is slow moving. The male has a distinct
tooth under the front coxae which is a useful
identification tool. Minimum cycle from egg to adult is 9 - 11
days at 23�c and 90%rh but is much extended under unfavorable
conditions. |
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Accelerated test
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(proc)
A laboratory procedure by which a chemical reaction is speeded |
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up
to obtain information more rapidly than in normal practice,
e.g. to assess the life, or rate of
degradation at high temperature of insecticides applied to test
surfaces. A test in which conditions are so arranged as to
simulate in a short time, the effects of a more prolonged period of
ageing. |
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Access panel
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(bldg)
A removable section of a floor, ceiling
or wall having the same |
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purposes
as a trap door, to allow examination of voids and water, electric and
other services. Important also in providing access for pest
control purposes. See also False Ceiling and False Floor. |
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Acetylcholinesterase
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(chem)
See Cholinesterase |
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Acheta
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(ent)
See Crickets |
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Actellic
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(product) |
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Acute Dose
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(tox)
An amount of a substance taken or
administered over a short |
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period
of time. Of rodenticides, the amount,
for example, of a bait consumed by the rat in one feed, or of a test
substance given by oral dosing. The use of this term often
implies that the amount consumed is
highly toxic, but this is not necessarily so. |
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Acute Poison
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(chem.)
A toxic substance which is used at sufficiently high |
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concentration
to bring about rapid symptoms of poisoning and death in a relatively
short period of time. (c.f. chronic poison)
Examples of commonly used acute
rodenticides are sodium monofluoroacetate, thallium sulphate, zinc
phosphide and alphacloralose. The majority suffer the defect of
causing discrimination against baits (see bait shyness)
and sub lethal feeding by a proportion
of the rodent population (see pre-baiting).
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Additive
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(chem.)
A substance incorporated into a pesticide formulation to improve |
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its
performance. An example, (bait additive), is the incorporation
of flavouring agents into baits to improve their palatability to
rodents. An example, for insecticides is the
addition of Dichlorvos in small amounts to residual insecticides to
improve knockdown or provide flushing action.
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Adhesives
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(chem.)
See Sticky board |
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ADI
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Admixture
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Adsorption
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(phy) The retention of a pesticide as a liquid or vapour by a surface, such
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as
plaster or brick, the subsequent rate of evaporation depending upon the form of
adsorption. Cf. ABSORPTION. |
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Adult
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(zoo) The mature, or reproductive stage of development of an animal. Of
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insects,
the final stage of development showing the external form and coloration
characteristic of the species. Previously known as the imago, p1. imagines.
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Aedes
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(ent) Diptera: Culicidae. A large genus of mosquitoes, many species |
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occurring
in
Britain. Some are confined to fresh water, others are pests around salt marshes
laying eggs in damp soil, and a third group lay eggs in entrapped rain water in
artificial containers and holes in trees. Many inflict painful bites outdoors.
Commonly occurring species in Britain include A. rusticus and A. cantans usually
near woodland with one generation each year, and A. detritus and A. caspius
breeding in brackish water with several generations per annum. The principal
Aedes mosquitoes in the U.S. are: A&des vexans: a major pest, widespread in
all the northern states, breeding in any temporary pool of fresh water. Eggs are
laid on the ground and hatch during flooding. A. vexans has been recorded in
Britain. Aedes trivirtarlis: generally found in the northern States. Larvae
occur in woodland pools, the older stages feeding on vegetation on the bottom.
Aedes sticticus: more abundant in the northern States than in the south. Eggs
are laid on stream and river banks and hatch after flooding in the Spring. The
eggs may be dormant for 2-3 years. A. sticticus has been recorded in Britain.
Aedes sollicitans: the salt marsh mosquito, one of the most severe pest
mosquitoes known in some coastal areas of America. Eggs are laid in mud around
brackish waters and must remain dry for 24 hours before they
will hatch on wetting by high tide. Aedes aegypti the yellow fever mosquito, a
pest in many tropical countries of the world, carrying the viruses of yellow
fever and dengue. It breeds in tree holes and water entrapped in roof gutterings
and containers. Eggs are laid above the water line, the larvae normally hatching
in 4 days. A. aegypti may bite at any time of day. |
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Aerogel
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(diem) Silica aerogel, 'Drie-die', 'Drione'. A dust which is virtually
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non-toxic
to man but which kills insects by abrasive or absorptive action on insect
cuticle, the insect losing water through the wax layer of cuticle. Not as polar
as dusts incorporating synthetic insecticides, but aerogels have been used for
the control of cockroaches, fleas, mites and ticks. |
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Aorosil
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(chem.) A fumed silica, sub-micron in particle size, used as an anticaking |
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and antisettling agent in certain formulated pesticides. It is also used as a
thickening agent by the paint industry. |
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Aerosol
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(phy) A temporary suspension of fine particles of a liquid (often an |
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insecticide in oil) in the air with the same properties as a fog or mist. More commonly, a
pressurised container (ATOMISER) with push-button nozzle, containing an
insecticide (or other substance) in solution, with a liquefied gas as PROPELLANT
(q.v.). See also NON-STOP AEROSOL. |
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Aerosol Generator
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Aggregation
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(phy) The process of clumping together of insecticidal dusts and
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rodenticidal contact dusts, which may arise by their misuse in damp locations, or by dusts
being kept in store in water permeable containers, especially under conditions
of high humidity. Aggregation may also be caused
by vibration in transport and the physical interlocking together of different
sized particles. As a result most commercially available dusts incorporate a low
concentration of a 'free-flowing' or ANTICAKING AGENT (q.v.) which also improves
application performance in dust gun equipment and 'puffer' packs of retail
products. |
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Aggregation Pheromone
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(cut) A chemical produced by insects in small amounts, which keeps |
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members of a
population grouped together. Such substances have recently been demonstrated in
cockroaches accounting for their typical aggregation in harbourages. |
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Agricultural Chemicals
Approval Scheme
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(leg) This scheme came into operation in the U.K. in June 1960
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concerned then with products available in retail packs for horticultural and
home garden use. It was extended in April 1970 to include products for use on
grain in farm stores. The purpose of the scheme is to enable users to select,
and advisers to recommend, efficient and appropriate brands of agricultural
chemicals (insecticides, fungicides and herbicides) and to discourage the use of
unsatisfactory
products. The scheme is not concerned with safety requirements, but approval
(i.e. endorsements of efficacy) cannot be given unless the product has first
been considered under the Pesticides Safety Precautions Scheme. The A.C.A.
scheme operates throughout the LT.K., and participation in the scheme is
voluntary. A certificate of Approval is granted to each product approved, and
the container may so bear an identification mark (the Approval symbol and
Registered number). |
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Air Brick
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(bldg)
A specially designed brick or grille forming part of the coursing, |
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inserted at
intervals of about six feet, below the damp course level of buildings with
suspended floors. Its function is to provide free ventilation of sub-floor
spaces to reduce the moisture content of timber and susceptibility to rot. Some
designs have holes sufficient to allow entry of small rodents, and when broken
are not readily replaced, thus allowing the entry also of rats. Grilles of this
type, often built into outside
walls, provide the only source of ventilation of larders and pantries. Damage to
these provides ready access for rodents to food and in food manufacturing
premises immediate replacement is essential to prevent rodent infestation. |
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Air Curtain
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(equip) Equipment emitting a curtain of moving air, sideways or vertically
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downward. fitted to open doorways of buildings to prevent the entry of flying
insects. Doorways of food manufacturing premises are difficult to proof against
flies and wasps without impeding the movement of vehicles and fork lift trucks.
Properly designed and competently commissioned, air curtains make a contribution
to proofing where it would otherwise be impossible to stop the entry of flying
insects.
Equipment is available for doorways up to 4 m wide and 6 m high; some
combine the added advantage of supplying heat, as a warm air curtain in cold
weather, preventing draughts of up to 13 km.p.h. from penetrating the doorway.
See also FLY SCREENS and PLASTIC STRIP CURTAINS. |
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Alarm Call
Chemical
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(chem.) A substance which causes agitation of individuals in a pest |
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population when ingested, with the result that they exhibit certain symptoms, or cries of
distress, causing the remainder of the population to disperse. See AVITROL. |
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Aldrin
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(chem.) An organochlorine insecticide introduced in 1948 under the trade |
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name Octalene. Aldrin is the name given to the pure product. In the pure form
it is known in Britain as HHDN. It is a contact insecticide closely related to,
but more volatile than, dieldrin and as a technical product
is a tan or dark brown solid. Aldrin is a persistent insecticide especially in
soil, where it has fulfilled a major use (usually as an emulsion) in the control
of subterranean termites. See TERMITE CONTROL. Additional uses include the
control of fire ants (Solenopsis spp.) and occasionally as a contact dust for
rats. Aldrin is readily absorbed through the skin. The acute oral ED50 (rat) is
70 mg/kg. |
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Alexandrine Rat
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(zoo)
See RATTUS RATTUS.
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Alliamentary Canal
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(zoo)
The gut; the food tube extending from mouth to anus, modified in |
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various parts
to fulfill specific functions (e.g. storage, digestion and absorption) which
together with several organs forms the digestive system. |
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Allergen
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Allergy
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Allethrin
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(chem.) A synthetic pyrethroid with similar properties to pyrethrins,
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inferior
in knockdown, but more persistent. First described in 1949; a pale yellow oil
containing 75-95 � of allethrin isomers. One of these is bioallethrin, the most
active insecticidally, with good knockdown. As a contact insecticide, allethrin
is as effective as pyrethrins against houseflies and is similarly often mixed
with synergists (e.g. piperonyl butoxide) to enhance its action. For practical
use, allethrin is often formulated in kerosene as a knockdown and flushing agent
in fly sprays and aerosols. It is also used for the control of insect pests of
stored and processed foods. The acute oral LD50 (rat) of allethrin and
bioallethrin is about 800 mg/kg. |
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Allethrin
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Almond Moth
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(ent)
See EPHESTIA CAUTELLA. |
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Alphachloralose
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(chem.) Glucochloral. A crystalline powder of low solubility in water,
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used in baits in the U.K. (under licence to the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries &
Food) as a 'selective' method for the control of
pest birds. It is used as a stupefying substance for the control of feral
pigeons (at l~5 �) and sparrows (at 2�); those which succumb are killed by
humane methods. PROTECTED SPECIES (q.v.) are allowed to recover and are
released. Alphachloralose (at 4 �) was also introduced as a rodenticide ('Alphakil')
for mouse control by Rentokil in 1966. It retards metabolism and lowers body
temperature to a fatal degree in small mammals at 600F (162C) and below. Its
mechanism of action offers a large measure of safety in use, causing rapid heat
loss from a small mammal with a body of large surface area and low weight,
compared with cats, dogs and man which have a smaller surface area to weight
ratio and therefore a reduced speed of heat loss. Alphachloralose is rapidly
metabolised and is hence non-cumulative. |
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Alphachlorohydrin
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Alphakil
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(p. prod) See ALPHACHLORALOSE. |
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Alpha naphthyl
thiourea
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(chem.) See
ANTU.
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Alphitobius
diaperinus.
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(ent) Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae. The Lesser mealworm beetle. A pest of |
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damp foods, grain and cereal products especially when mouldy, frequently increasing
to astronomical numbers in the deep litter of poultry houses, especially those
with earth floors. Control is
required to prevent possible spread of poultry diseases between successive
crops. The
adult (7 mm long) is oval, black, shiny. The larvae (10-15 mm) are yellow-brown
and congregate around the food and water hoppers of poultry units. Pupae occur
in the soil and fabric of the building. Minimum development period is about 40
days (25�C). Aluminium phosphide. (chem.) A highly insecticidal fumigant
introduced in the early 1930s; stable when dry, but reacting with moist air to
liberate the gas phosphine, which has a carbide-like odour and is spontaneously
inflammable in air. Commercial formulations available are: 'Detia GAS-EX-B' (Freyberg
Chemische Fabrik): crepe paper bags containing 34g powder of 57 ~ aluminium
phosphide. 'De/icia Gastoxin' (DIA-Chemie): tablets (3g) of 57;; a.i. 'Ceiphos'
(Excel Ind., Bombay): tablets (3g). 'Phostoxin' (Degesch AG): tablets (3g) and
pellets (0'6g) containing 55 ml; aluminium phosphide, 40 ~ ammonium carbamate
(as a fire suppressant)
and 5~~ aluminium oxide, formulated in paraffin. The commercial products are
used to fumigate a variety of commodities. Application rates vary with
temperature: grain in silos (1
tablet per 1-3 tons), sacked goods (1 tablet per 24 m3). The moisture content of
grain should not be less than 10 ~/O�' Fumigation periods vary from 3-10 days.
The residue is non-poisonous and is removed by screening the grain. Airing off
may be required. Tablets or pellets exposed on trays should be collected and
removed from buildings at the end of treatment, likewise in the case of crepe
paper
bags. Residues from aluminium phosphide preparations should not be heaped
together as this constitutes a risk of fire or explosion. The MAC value for
aluminium phosphide in Germany is 0.l ppm; USA 0.3 ppm. 2000 ppm of phosphine in
air is rapidly lethal to man. |
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Altosid
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Alluminium Phosphide
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American Cockroach
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(ent) See PERIPLANETA AMERICANA. |
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American Dog Tick
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(zoo) See DERMACENTOR
VARIABILIS. |
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Ammonium Carbamate
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Amyl Nitrate
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(chem.) See HYDROGEN CYANIDE. |
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Anagasta
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(ent) See
EPHESTIA. |
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Analytical Methods
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(proc) The means of separating, identifying and often measuring the |
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components
of a formulated pesticide for the purpose of 1) quality control in manufacture,
2) determination of pesticide residues in instances of contamination of perhaps
food or water or 3) diagnosing the cause of death of a poisoned animal. The most
commonly used methods are colorimetry and ultra violet and infra red
spectrophotometry (for 1 above) chromatography in various forms and mass spectrometry,
together with the previous techniques (for 2 and 3, above). |
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Anatomy
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(zoo) The study of the structure of the body, principally the internal
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organs as shown by dissection. External anatomy, i.e. the detailed external appearance of
the animal, is usually referred to as MORPHOLOGY (q.v.). |
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Angoumois Grain Moth
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(ent) See SITROGA
CEREALELLA. |
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Animal Rooms
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(bldg) Laboratories in which animals are reared or maintained for
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research purposes and which, by vi~e of warm conditions, the presence of animal diets and
frequent washing down, provide ideal conditions for the establishment of
cockroach infestations. Difficulties in cockroach control arise from the
possible contamination of the environment with insecticides applied as dusts and
sprays. Bait formulations, however, can provide complete eradication without
effect on the test animals. The same applies to cockroach infestations in zoos,
aquaria and pet shops. |
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Animals (Cruel Poisons Act)
1962 (UK)
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(leg) An Act calling for the prohibition or restriction of poisons for the |
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killing of animals where the use of such poisons would be cruel and unnecessary.
The Act came into force in the U.K. as the Animals (Cruel Poisons) Regulations
1963 (Oct. 26th, 1963) prohibiting the use of certain rodenticides on grounds of
cruelty (as interpreted by symptom expression in mammals). The regulations
prohibit the use of phosphorus (elemental yellow phosphorus) and red squill
powder or extract of the red variety of Urginea maririrna) as rodenticides, and
the use of strychnine for destroying mammals with the exception of moles. |
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Anobiidae
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(ent) The family of the Coleoptera containing stored product pests:
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LASIODERMA (q.v.) and STEGOBIUM (q.v.). Also
some economically important wood-boring
beetles, ANOBIUM
and XESTOBIUM (q.v.). |
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Anobium punctatum
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(ent) Coleoptera: Anobiidae. Common furniture beetle, House
borer (New
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Zealand), often referred
to imprecisely as 'woodworm'. An important pest of many timbers, notably
the sapwood
of softwood species, infesting structural
timbers, flooring, joinery and furniture. The most prevalent wood-boring insect
in buildings in Britain, living also outdoors in dead parts of trees, fencing
and other structures. It occurs also in Europe and parts of Australia, New
Zealand, South
Africa and the United States. The adult (Fig. 2) is dark brown (2'S-S mm long),
covered with very short yellow hairs. A humped ('hooded') prothorax covers the
head, when seen from above. It emerges from infested timber principally in June;
July (U.K.) producing circular exit holes of 1-2 mm diameter. Does not feed;
dies after 3A weeks. Eggs (Fig. 3) are laid in crevices and on rough surfaces of
timber and hatch in 2A weeks, the larva boring through the bottom of the egg,
straight into the wood (cf. XESTOBIUM). The larva (6 mm long when fully grown),
creamy white, curved and fleshy, lives in the wood for 3-5 years producing a
network of tunnels in which a 'gritty' bore dust of faecal pellets and wood
fragments remains (Fig. 4). A pupal chamber is constructed just below the
surface of the timber, the pupa (Fig. 5) hatching to adult after 3-8 weeks.
Boredust beneath exit holes is evidence of an active infestation. Spread occurs
by flight of adults and the introduction of infested furniture and other
household articles into buildings. About three quarters of all buildings
surveyed in Britain have been found to be infested. |
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Anopheles
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(ent) Diptera: Culicidae. A large genus of mosquitoes; the eggs, each
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with a float, are laid singly on the surface of water (cfl CULEX). Larvae are supported
horizontally below' the surface of water by hairs. Pupae have conical
respiratory trumpets. Adults rest with the abdomen at an angle with the surface.
They breed in permanent areas of fresh water (ponds and lakes), the females
selecting protected shore areas where the water is shallow. The adults are
usually active only at night, spending the day in damp, dark protected places.
They bite at dusk and just before dawn; flight is usually less than 1 mile from
the hatching site. Some species transmit malaria. The principal species in
Britain are A.
atroparvus, �1. messeac, A. ph~mhezts and A. c'Ia~'(ger. Species of importance
in the U.S. include A. pivictipennis: the most widelv distributed Anopheline
mosquito. not a carrier of malaria, breeding in trapped
water (in containers, swamps, bogs). Also A. quadrimaculatus the common malarial
mosquito of the eastern and southern United States. Egg laying is continuous
during warm weather, the life cycle being
completed in 8-14 days. |
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Anoplura
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(ent) The Order of insects containing the sucking lice; external |
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parasites of
mammals, the mouthparts modified for piercing the skin and taking blood. Small
flattened wingless insects, the head much narrower than the thorax. Examples of
pest species are Pedic'tt/us Atiniatils, the Body louse and Linognarlirts
setostis, the Dog sucking louse. |
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Antagonist
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(chem.) A
chemical substance which reduces the action of another and
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vice
versa, as when one drug with a certain physiological action is given simultaneously with, or soon after. another which has an opposite action. The
principle of antidotal treatment. See ANTIDOTE. |
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Antenna
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(ent) One of a pair of mobile. segmented appendages articulated with the |
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head, in front of, or between, the eves of insects. They vary widely in form and size
having the sensory functions of taste (Hymenoptera) and smell (Blattaria and
Lepidoptera). Because of the waving movement of the antennae of some insects
(e.g. cockroaches). Apparently sensing their surroundings. these organs are
frequently referred to as feelers'. |
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Anthrenus verbasci
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(ent) Coleoptera: Dermestidae. The Varied carpet
beetle (Fig. 6), an
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increasingly important pest of domestic properties in suburban areas of S. and
S.E. England. infesting carpets. blankets and furnishings. Also a pest of dried
insect collections and most products of animal origin. he larvae ('woolly
bears') are small (t<5 mm), brown and hairy with bunches of golden,
spear-headed hairs either side of the rear segments. he larvae tend to roll up
into tiny golden balls when disturbed and can survive long periods of
starvation. The pupa is formed within the last l arval skin. Adults normally
emerge in May-June, are oval, strongly c onvex with white, black and yellow scales
on the head, pronotum and lytra. These feed outdoors on the flower heads of
hogweed and piraea. . vertasci is a frequent resident of birds' nests subsisting on
feathers t gets into premises via the roof void. pipe lagging. airing cupboards
and thence into bedrooms and ground floor rooms where stored woolens and the edges of carpets are particularly susceptible to attack |
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Anticaking agent
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(chem.)
A substance incorporated into an insecticidal or rodenticidal dust |
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to maintain
free-flowing properties. Examples are umed silicas (Cabosil), tricalcium
phosphate, magnesium oxide, magnesium
carbonate and magnesium stearate, usually incorporated at bout 1 0g. |
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Anticoagulants
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(chem.) Chemicals which inhibit the clotting of blood, used
w idely as |
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rodenticides in cereal and liquid baits and as contact dusts. he rodent bleeds
to death through internal and external haemorrhages. n a normal animal, clotting
of the blood is brought about by a soluble substance (fibrinogen) being changed
into insoluble fibrin, the 'strands' f fibrin entangling the blood cells to form
a clot. This change can only take place in the presence of an enzyme
(prothrombin)
continuously released
from the liver into the blood. In the poisoned animal, production of this enzyme
is inhibited, with the result that the blood fails to clot. Anticoagulant baits
must usually be eaten over a period of several days (usually 5-14) to exert
their effect: mice take longer to kill than rats. Two types of anticoagulant are
recognised: hydroxy coumarin compounds and indane dione compounds. They rarely
lead to BAIT SHYNESS (q.v.) at the concentrations used because their effect on
the body is delayed,
and rats and mice do not associate symptoms of poisoning with the bait. By the
time symptoms appear, a lethal dose has been acquired. Generally regarded as
'safe' rodenticides, but not uncommonly, acute doses may be taken by domestic
animals resulting in death. The most widely used anticoagulant is WARFARIN
(q.v.). Vitamin K is an antidote for poisoning by anticoagulants. The hazard of
secondary poisoning is low. |
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Antidote
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(tox) A chemical substance which when administered counteracts
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poisoning. either
by chemically reacting with the poison, changing it into a harmless substance.
or by setting up an action in the body opposite to that of the poison. One of
the most widely known antidotes in pest control is Vitamin K, the antidote for
warfarin poisoning. In some countries it is a requirement of the labeling of
pesticides that Information on antidotes be stated. See PRALIDOXIME CHLORIDE;
also HYDROGEN CYANIDE. |
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Antimetabolite
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(chem.) A chemical that interferes with or antagonises normal metabolic |
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processes, e. a an insect's ability to metabolise food, so that it starves to
death. Used successfully in protecting fabrics. In experimental stage of
development. Usually of low toxicity to man and animals. |
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Antimony potassium tartrate
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(tox) Tartar emetic. A white crystalline compound. once popular as a |
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medicine. poisonous in large doses, largely replaced by safer drugs. See EMETIC. |
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Antoxidant
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Antiseptic
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(chem) A substance which destroys or inhibits the growth of bacteria; a
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proprietary product should be carried in the pest controller's first aid kit for
the treatment of cuts and dermal abrasions. |
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Ants
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(ent) See
FORMICIDAE. |
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ANTU
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(chem.) Alpha
naphthyl thiourea, alpha naphthyl thiocarbamide. An acute
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rodenticide, little used today, effective against Rattus norvegicus (more
against adults than young) but with little value against Rattus rattus and this
mitscitlitS. The technical product is a gray powder, stable on exposure to air,
used in baits at 2~3o�. and as a 20); contact dust. Aversion and tolerance to
Anta lasting up to 6 months is rapidly developed in rats through repeated takes
of sub lethal doses. It has been withdrawn from use in the L.K. because of the
carcinogenic properties of beta naphthylamine. possibly present as an impurity.
The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 6-S mg kg. It is not absorbed through the skin.
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Aphodius rufipes
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(ent) See
DUNG BEETLE. |
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Apis mellifera
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(ent) Hymenoptera:
Apidae. The Honey bee, for which no description is |
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necessary,
occasionally a serious pest when nests are established in chimneys. under tiles
or in wall voids of homes. The nest is made of wax cells produced by the
workers: some are used by the developing immature stages and others for the
storage of honey. The primary concern of the home owner is that he may be stung,
especially when bees find their way into the house: usually the barbed sting and
venom sac remain in the flesh as the bee is brushed away. A secondary concern is
possible structural damage as a result of nest building activities, and staining
of ceilings and walls due Co leakage of honey. In
areas near hives care is necessary to prevent contamination with insecticides, especially if treatments are being carried out for wasp control involving
insecticidal baits. |
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Apodemus sylvaticus
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(zoo) The Long-tailed field mouse, or Wood mouse, easily confused with |
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Mus musculus, but for the white underside of the body, larger ears and eyes, and
longer tail (Fig. 7). Not a pest of food manufacturing premises or warehouses,
but occasionally sheltering indoors in the autumn, frequently entering domestic
properties, especially where apples are stored. |
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Approval of Pesticides
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(leg) The process of bringing pesticides under legislative control (voluntary |
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at present in the U.K.), resulting in authorisation of the notifier (a
manufacturer or servicing company) to sell
and or use a pesticide. The authorising board is entitled to request the
notified to provide all the necessary information as to the chemical
composition, toxicity and proposed use of the pesticide, and information on such
technical subjects as methods of residue analysis of the active ingredient. See
PESTICIDES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SCHEME. In some countries the approval of
pesticides operates as a form of registration or licensing and involves tests of
efficacy for the purpose intended, as well as approval on grounds of safety in
use. Because of the Federal structure of the U.S.A., control of application of
pesticides falls within the competence of the individual States. Federal
registration of a given
product does not make State registration unnecessary where this is required by
law. |
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Arachis oil
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Arachnida
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(zoo) The class of the Arthropoda containing mites. (many of which
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infest stored
foods), spiders and scorpions (household pests) and ticks (parasites of
animals). All with eight legs and the body undivided. or divided into two parts
(cephalothorax and abdomen). See ACARI (mites and ticks) and ARANEAE (spiders). |
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Araecerus fasciculatus
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Araneae
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(zoo) The family of the Arachnida containing the Spiders. Animals of
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characteristic appearance with the body divided into I) a head-thorax (cephalothorax
or prosoma) with 6-~ eves. mouthparts and 4 pairs of legs, and 2) abdomen (opisthosoma)
with silk-spinning spinnerets.
Carnivorous. some species using a web as a trapping device for
insect prey. Objectionable in the U.K. solely by their presence (see TEGENARIA)
and the spinning of webs; a number of venomous species occur in the U.S. causing
'necrotic spider bite'. See LOXOSCELES. |
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Architrave
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(bldg) A covering.
usually of timber, around the frame of a door, or |
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occasionally a window, hiding the
join of the plaster with the timber work. In practice the architrave is rarely
flush with both surfaces, providing crevices favoured as harbourages by
cockroaches and other insects. |
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Arcton
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(p. prod) See PROPELLANT |
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Argentine Ant
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(ent)
See TRIDOMYRMEX HUMILIS.
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Arprocarb
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(chem.) See
PROPOXUR. |
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Arsenic trioxide
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(chem.)
White arsenic, arsenious oxide. An inorganic, acute rodenticide,
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little used
today; a heavy white, odourless and tasteless powder combined into baits at 3
}O; more effective when finely ground. Inexpensive and relatively slow acting.
Acute oral LD50 (rat) 25 mg/ kg. Also once used in pastes for ant control. Still
used as a 30% dust in some countries for application to termite galleries for
transfer by the insects back to the nest. |
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Arthropoda
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(zoo) The largest phylum of the animal kingdom whose members have |
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many characters in common, including a segmented body, chitinised exoskeleton, and
paired jointed appendages. modified according to function. carried on a variable
number of segments. The classes of this phylum which include pest species are
the Insecta (insects). Arachnida (scorpions. spiders, mites, ticks, etc.),
Diplopoda (millipedes) and Chilopoda (centipedes). The only additional class of any size is the Crustacea (lobsters, shrimps. crabs and barnacles) which
includes the woodlice. |
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Artificial respiration
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(proc') The stimulation of respiration in someone whose |
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breathing has stopped.
Also know'n as resuscitation. This requirement in pest control is more likelv
after electric shock from ill-maintained electrical equipment than from
accidental poisoning by pesticides. If breathing stops. permanent damage to
brain tissues beitins within four minutes. Artificial respiration should be
started immediately. Two methods are recommended. 1) Nlouth to mouth (kiss of
life); it gives the greatest inflation of the lungs and oxygenation of the
blood; the degree of inflation can be controlled by watching the chest: it is
the least tiring of methods. 2) The Holger-Nielson method; the best of other
methods,
aithouch Schafer's method is often recommended. It is recommended that all
engaged in pest control (especially in fumigation) should be thoroughly
acquainted with the techniques of resuscitation.
They are not difficult to learn once the principle is understood. |
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Aseptic
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Atomisation
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Atomiser
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(equip) A technically incorrect name for a piece of equipment,
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mechanical.
thermal. or using compressed gas, to produce a mist or fog of minute droplets:
used for the insecticidal treatment of spaces (against flying insects) and
occasionally for disinfection. Such equipment is rarely suitable for the control
of crawling insects. or the immature stages of flies or moths, unless the 'atomised'
spray is directed into harbourages. See AEROSOL. |
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Atropine Sulphate
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(chem.)
An antidote for the treatment of poisoning by organophosphorous |
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insecticides.
relievin2 many of the distressing symptoms, reducing heart Mock and drying
secretions of the respiratory tract. The dose for usual cases of poisoning is 1-2
mg given intra � muscularly to a maximum of 25-50 mg in a day. Effects of
injection become evident in 14 minutes and maximal within 8 minutes. Patients
should remain under medical supervision for at least 24 hours. See also PRALIDOXIME
CHLORIDE. |
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Attagenus
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(ent) Coleoptera: Dermestidae.
Attagenus pellio, the Fur beetle, is a |
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common pest of homes; infestations also occasionally become established in clothing
stores. The materials most often attacked are, hair, furs, skins. feathers, woolen fabrics, carpets and upholstery.
Con siderable damage may occur before
the pest is detected. A. pc/I/o is common in birds' nests. and may also
occasionally infest stored grain where it feeds principally on dead insects. The
larvae (also called 'woolly bears' see
Atitllrerii's Terhasci) are elongate, with a distinctive tuft of very long
golden hairs on the last segment: larvae are about 6 mm long; cast skins are
often a feature of an infestation. Adults are oval (46 mm) dark red-brown to
black with a characteristic patch of white hairs in the centre of each elytron.
Life cycle and biology are similar to ANTHRENUS VERBASCI (q.v.). In the U.S.A.
and Asia, Attagenrus piceus. the Black carpet beetle. wholly dark brown to
black, assumes greater importance than A. pellio, the
more abundant species in Britain. |
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Attractant
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(chem.) A substance, usually volatile. often incorporated into a bait with |
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the object of drawing the pest (rodent or insect) towards it from a distance.
The use of an attractant aims at stimulating the olfactory senses of the pest;
it is not to be confused with a bait 'additive' used to stimulate the
chemo-receptors of the mouth with the purpose of encouraging the pest to feed
more readily. Many insects are known to emit minute quantities of sex attractant
which bring the sexes together for mating (see PHEROMONE). Ultra violet light (a
physical attractant) has been exploited in various electric devices for
attracting flying insects and killing by electrocution. |
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Australian Cockroach
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(ent) See
PERIPLANETA AUSTRALASIAE. |
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Australian Spider Beetle
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(ent) See
PTINUS TECTUS. |
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Automatic Insecticide
Dispenser
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(equip) Equipment designed to provide a continuous or intermittent |
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discharge of
insecticide into the air; e.g. THERMAL VAPORISING UNIT (q.v.) emitting lindane
vapour, SLOW RELEASE STRIP (q.v.) emitting dichlorvos. and mechanical equipment
delivering measured
doses of an aerosol (synergised pyrethrum or synthetic pyrethroid) at prescribed
intervals. |
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Autumn Fly
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(ent) See
MUSCA AUTUMNALIS. |
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Avicide
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Avicide.
(chem) A substance which kills birds. |
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Avitrol
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(p prod) An alarm call chemical (4-aminopyridine) formulated in baits at |
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O.5-l
)~ to induce sparrows, starlings, pigeons and gulls to leave an area by
producing flock disturbing Symptoms. Avitrol temporarily affects a bird's
ability to fly causing it to emit cries and give other signs of distress which
scare away other birds in the flock. The technical product is an off-white
solid; toxicity to birds is high, LD50 sparrow 4 mg kg. galls S mg kg. Available
as formulated baits and concentrates. Acute
oral LD50 (rat) 32 mg kg. |
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