LOCATION: HOME > GLOSSARY > SECTION B
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LOCATION: HOME > GLOSSARY > SECTION B
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Bacon beetle. (cut) See DERMESTES LARDARIUS.
Bacteria. (dis) A group of microscopic organisms consisting of one or many cells varying in shape. often rod-like, more or less spiral, filamentous or in some forms spherical lacking chlorophyll. The majority multiply by simple division. but other forms of asexual as well as sexual reproduction, are known. Two major groups are recognised: gram-positive and gram negative. reacting differently to staining procedures. Bacteria are ubiquitous. occurring under favourable conditions in massive numbers: many are concerned in the breakdown of plant and animal tissues. Those of importance in pest control are the bacteria transmitted by rodents, insects and birds, causing serious diseases in man. A working knowledge of bacteriology is important to those involved in sanitation and public health.
Bactericide. (chem.) A substance which kills bacteria.
Bacteriostat. (chem.) A substance which inhibits the growth of bacteria but does not kill them (cf. bactericide).
Bait. (proc) A formulation of a pesticide with an attractive food. occasionally with water as a drink the commonest method of control of rodents. which for success requires a knowledge of rodent behaviour and preferences for bait materials. For safety in use, baits must be placed with care, inaccessible to children and domestic animals. Bait bases most commonly used are cereals, fruits, fish and meats, the bait usually placed in containers to avoid spillage and possible contamination of food and water. Liquid baits are effective in hot dry locations. Variations in bait base are often necessary to achieve the desired results. Pre-baiting increases the effectiveness of acute rodenticides. (See also Test Baiting and Liver Baiting) Baits incorporating stomach poisons are used in insect control: as supplementary measures to dusts and sprays for the control of cockroaches and ants amongst others. The objective in all cases is to attract pests to the baits in preference to other foods, to kill them direct]y, or in the control of ants and wasps for the transfer of insecticide back to the nest. Baiting is also used for control of birds (see ALPHACHLORALOSE. AVITROL) and as an adjunct to TRAPPING (q.v.).
Bait block. (chem.) Rat block. A rodenticide formulated in a food base and wax (sometimes with flavouring agents) for use in places where dampness and moulds may cause rapid deterioration of dry cereal baits.
Bait box. (equip) A container. usually for rodenticidal baits, often made of wood with a hinged lid to contain a large amount of bait (cf. BAIT TRAY) as a permanent bait station in an outdoor location. The box usually has small areas cut out from each end to allow rodents free entry and exit. Some are flitted with internal baffles to prevent bait spillage. The purpose of the bait box is to protect baits from the weather and takes' by other animals. See also BAIT TUNNEL.
Bait shyness. (zoo) The characteristic behaviour of rodents, which have suffered or recovered from rodenticidal poisoning. of avoiding those baits (usually containing acute poisons) which caused the symptoms of distress. A condition brought about by rodents associating distress with their most recent food source. An important consideration in the effective use of acute rodenticides. often overcome by first PRE-BAITING with unpoisoned food. thus encouraging a lethal take at the first feed.
Bait station. (equip) See BAIT BOX. BAIT TRAY. BAIT TUNNEL.
Bait tray. (equip.) A small cardboard or plastic tray used in buildings to contain rodenticidal bait for the control of rats and mice. Its purpose is: to prevent the contamination of surfaces and often foodstuffs by rodenticide: to keep the bait from direct contact with wet surfaces; to establish a bait station (a permanent baiting point) which can be inspected frequently to assess by the presence of droppings and by the amount of bait eaten. whether or not the infestation is being controlled. Also to provide available rodenticide for the control of rodents which may subsequently gain entry.
Bait tunnel. (equip.) An elongate container for rodenticidal baits. open at both ends to protect the bait from being taken by other animals. Of particular value outdoors where acute poisons are used : earthenware land drains and other short sections of pipe serve this purpose. Also occasionally made from cardboard. to prevent baits indoors in manufacturing industries from becoming covered by dust.
Balaustium murorum. (zoo) Acari: Erythraeidae. Red spider mite. An intruder. causing annoyance but no damage. often confused with BRYOBIA (q.v.) the Gooseberry red spider mite. Of similar size. but brighter red and running at great speed in a haphazard manner. Feeds exclusively on pollen. Properties are invaded in spring and autumn. the mites entering fortuitously through cracks in windows. Eggs are laid in crevices in walls and in the soil.
Balustrade. (bldg) The infilling of small pillars to a raised parapet, rail or coping around the edge of a roof. Such a structure often provides a day perch for feral pigeons and requires treatment with a tactile repellent.
Barge. (ship) Lighter. A flat-bottomed vessel, usually without sails or screws, used for carrying goods in bulk on rivers and canals not navigable by larger craft. Barges are also frequently used for transhipping commodities at port between the supply vessel and the dock side. They provide a convenient means of fumigating commodities in small parcels under tarpaulins. Two types of lighters are in general use; 1) 'hatched craft which have a centre ridge beam, removable hatch boards and fitted with cleats and wedges for battening down tarpaulin covers and 2) 'open craft' without a centre ridge and usually no provision for battening down. The fumigation procedure has to be modified accordingly.
Barium carbonate. (chem.) A very old rat poison, relatively inefficient, chemically inert and not highly toxic to man. Barium carbonate is a dense white powder. odourless and non-volatile, and slightly soluble in water. Rat baits are prepared from 1 part barium carbonate with 4 parts food base moistened with milk or water. Acute oral LD50 (rat) 630-750 mg/kg.
Basudin. (p. prod) See DIAZINON.
Bats. (zoo) See CHIROPTERA.
Baygon. (p prod) See PROPOXUR.
Baytex. (p. prod) See FENTHION.
Bean beetle weevil. (ent) See ACANTHOSCELIDES OBTECTUS.
Bedbug. (ent) See CI\IEX LECTULARILS.
Beetles. (en;) See COLEOPTERA.
Behaviour. (zoo) The response of an organism to the stimuli of its environment, together with inherent characteristics of the species (e.g. circadian rhythm). A knowledge of animal behaviour is often of value in pest control, e.g. in anticipating the responses of rats and mice in their 'new object reaction' to the positioning of rodenticidal baits.
Benching. (bldg) The raised platform at the bottom of a sewer entrance (manhole) used for keeping rat baits above the level of the effluent. When there is no benching, bait may be suspended above the effluent in a muslin bag. See also SEWER TREAT\IENT.
Bendiocarb. (chem.) An experimental carbamate made available by Fisons as test samples in 1971. The technical product is a white crystalline solid with low solubility in water and not readily soluble in organic solvents. 'Ficam 80w' is an 8000 wettable powder with claims for rapid and high activity against cockroaches and good effect on other insects of importance in public health. including ants. Recommended applications are 0.25% - 0.5% spray to run off; good residual activity is claimed with lack of smell and irritant properties. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 60-120 mg/kg. The compound is rapidly metabolised and excreted by mammals.
Benzene. (chem.) A liquid distillate of coal tar of high volatility: a good solvent for most pesticides but odorous, and little used because of its high mammalian toxicity and inflammability (more so than ODOURLESS KEROSENE q.v.).
BHC. (chem.) Benzenehexachloride. The common name for the six mixed ISOMERS (q.v.) of hexachlorocyclohexane, an organochlorine compound with insecticidal properties discovered in the early 1940s by ICI Limited. Only one of the isomers (see GAMMA-BHC) has useful insecticidal properties and it is on this that formulations of BUC for industrial and domestic use are based. BHC is an off-white to brown powder, having a heavy, persistent and musty disagreeable odour. Its main use is in agricultural insect control where these undesirable properties are of little consequence; it can however seriously taint certain crops (e.g. black currants). It is a stomach poison and contact insecticide with some fumigant action. The mammalian toxicities of the isomers are different.
Bioallethrin. (chem.) See ALLETHRIN.
Bio-assay. (proc) A test method using living organisms to evaluate the biological activity of a substance, usually a new compound, with the object of screening' the substance for its usefulness as a pesticide. Occasionally also used as a method of quality control in pesticide manufacture.
Biochemistry. (chem..) The science of the chemistry of living organisms.
Biocide. (chem.) A substance with activity against biological organisms.
Biological control. (proc) The control of pests by other biological organisms. To some extent biological control exists in all animal populations by the natural predation or parasitism of one species upon another and the competition between individuals for space. In recent years, however, attention has been drawn to the merits of control methods using bacteria and viruses, as alternatives to chemicals, without undesirable effects on the environment. Biological control also offers the potential of specificity of action without effects on desirable species. During the period 1928 to 1958 Salmonella enteritidis (var. Danysz:) was used in the U.K. by the British Ratin Co. (now Rentokil) as a bait preparation for rodent control. This organism was isolated by Danysz in 1900 from an epidemic of mouse typhoid in field mice and has always been considered to be predominantly a parasite of rodents. Mvxomatosis is an example of biological control (self spreading) which has proved highly effective in drastically reducing rabbit populations. See also BACILLUS.
Bioresmethrin. (chem..) See RESMETHRIN.
Bird control. (proc) The application of legally approved chemical and physical methods (see BIRD Laws). to reduce or eliminate a local or area problem created by pest birds, normally Columba livia, Passer domesticus and Sturnus vulgaris. There are nine good reasons for bird control: 1) Prevention of defacement of buildings by droppings, which accelerate the deterioration of masonry 2) Reduction in cleaning costs in restoring the appearance of buildings. 3) Reduction in maintenance costs: nests and droppings retard water run-off leading to timber decay and broken renderings. 4) Prevention of damage in manufacturing industries: droppings mar finished products in loading bays rendering them unfit for sale. 5) Prevention of food contamination: droppings, regurgitated pellets, feathers and nesting material are common contaminants of grain. 6) Reduction in disease potential: the exact role of birds in disease transmission is not well known but Ornithosis can be transmitted from pigeons to man in the U.S. 7) The elimination of noise and smell. S) Removal of sources of insect and mite infestation provided by nests, their excreta and the birds themselves. 9) Improvement in the safety of air traffic at major airports. Where direct killing is prohibited, control of local populations relies on the use of TACTILE REPELLENTS (q.~'.), stupefying substances (see ALPHACLORALOSE), ~arm call chemicals (see AVITROL) and BIRD SCARING DEVICES (q.v.). Area control relies on the use of TRAPPING (q.v.) and sterilants (see ORNITROL).
Bird distress call recordings. (equip) See BIRD SCARING DEVICES.
Bird fleas. (en') See CERATOPHYLLUS.
Bird Laws. (leg) Legislative restrictions on methods of control of pest birds, covered in the U.K. by the Protection of Birds Act, 1954 and 1967 which among other things. prohibit the use of chemicals for direct killing. Control methods in the United States, must conform with Federal Bird Protection Laws (which do not afford protection to feral pigeons, house sparrows and starlings) but there are also State and Local laws which involve licensing and the regulation of techniques used in bird control.
Bird lice. (ent) See MALLOPHAGA.
Bird proofing. (proc) Prevention of entry of pest birds (usually pigeons and sparrows) into buildings by the use of galvanised chicken wire, expanded metal (aluminium) or netting (polythene coated or tarred nylon), to supplement the treatment of buildings with tactile repellents and stupefying baits. Structures often requiring proofing are open windows. louvres, niches around statuary, ventilation points and open eaves. Nets for pigeons should be l-~ in. mesh and for sparrows tin. mesh (Fig. 10).
Bird scaring devices. (equip.) For frightening pest birds from an area where they roost or cause hazard (e.g. to aircraft, see LARUS), including loud noises. flashing lights and replayed recordings of bird distress calls. Of limited value unless used sparingly and intermittently: most birds learn to ignore them by repeated experience. See also TACTILE REPELLENT and AVITROL.
Biscuit beetle. (ent) See STEGOBIUM PANICEUM.
Biting lice. (ent) See MALLOPHAGA
Black beetle. (ent) See BLATTA ORIENTALIS.
Black carpet beetle. (ent) See ATTAGENUS PICEUS.
Black garden ant. (ent) See LASIUS NIGER.
Black rat. (zoo) See RATTUS RATTUS.
Black widow spider. (zoo) See LATROI)FCTLS MACTANS.
Blaps mucronata. (ent) Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae. Churchyard or Cellar beetle. Adult entirely black (22 mm long), slow and cumbersome in movement; occurs in stables, cellars and other dark, damp locations on vegetable matter.
Blatta orientalis. (ent) Dictyoptera: Blattidae. The Oriental cockroach, Black beetle, or Shad roach. Thought to have originated from North Africa, now widely distributed by trade to almost all temperate regions of the world, preferring less humid and cooler conditions (22-272C) than Blattella germanica, and Periplaneta spp. A major pest of buildings, notably in cellars, basements, ducts, boiler rooms, kitchens, bakeries, toilets and bars. The major domiciliary cockroach in Britain, a potential carrier of pathogenic bacteria when associated with food. Occasionally able to survive the winter outdoors, notably in refuse heaps. The adult Oriental cockroach is large (20-24 mm long) dark red-brown to black, the female with much reduced wings and tegmina, neither sex are able to fly (Fig. 12). Not often seen during the day, less active than B. germanica. The ootheca (10 mm long) is brown-black and deposited by the female soon after formation. Oothecae are produced at about 10-day intervals and contain up to 18 eggs. There are 7-10 nymphal stages, development to adult taking 6-12 months in heated buildings. The adult life span varies from 2 months under warm conditions to 9 months in cool conditions.
Blattaria. (ent) The suborder of the Dictyoptera containing the cockroaches, or roaches. They have the following general appearance: body oval and flattened. Head when at rest nearly horizontal and bent under the thorax, with the mouth projecting backwards between the bases of the first pair of legs; almost concealed from above by an enlarged pronotum. The whip-like antennae inserted just below the middle of the eyes, are composed of very many short segments and are often longer than the body. The mouthparts serve a biting, chewing and licking function; the mandibles are strong and toothed, the palps of the maxillae and labium have 5 and 3 segments respectively. The ocelli are often represented by two thin areas of cuticle. All three pairs of legs of cockroaches are long and well adapted for running. The gizzard Proventriculus) contains an armature for masticating food. Most cockroaches are drab brown in appearance and predominantly tropical. Some, (the pest species) have occupied the artificial environments (buildings, sewers, ships) created by man, who has been largely responsible for their spread. See BLATTA ORIENTALIS, BLATTELLA GERMANICA, B. VAGA, PARCOBLATTA SPP, PERIPLANETA AMERICANA, P. AUSTRALASIAE, P. BRUNNEA, P. FULIGINOSA, P. JAPONICA. SUPELLA LONGIPALPA.
Blattella germanica. (ent) Dictyoptera: Blattidae. The German cockroach or steamfly. Thought to have originated in N.E. Africa, and now distributed by commerce to virtually all parts of the world. It prefers warm moist conditions (25-300C) and has consequently become a common pest of heated buildings, notably in kitchens. larders and restaurants. It is the most prevalent cockroach in the galleys, store rooms and accommodation of modern ships. In the southern States of America, and other warm countries, the German cockroach occurs outdoors but this is rare in Britain. The adult German cockroach is small (10-15 mm) buff coloured with two distinct dark parallel bands running the length of the pronotum (Fig. 13). The wings are as long as the body in both sexes. It is generally more active than the Oriental cockroach and more readily seen during the day. The ootheca (8 mm long) is chestnut brown segmented externally (about ~8 segments) and is carried by the female until the eggs hatch. Oothecae are produced at about 3-4 week intervals and contain 3540 eggs. There are usually 6 nymphal stages, development to adult taking 6-7 weeks at 30C. The adult life span is VS months.
Blattella vaga. (ent) Dictyoptera: Blattidae. The Field cockroach. Similar in size and colouring to B. germanica. but differing in the presence of a black line between the eyes and mouth of B. vaga; most common in the irrigated regions of S. Arizona, occurring under stones and feeding on plant debris. In dry seasons the Field cockroach may enter homes in large numbers where it may remain and breed; usually. however, a casual intruder.
Blattanex. (p. prod) See PROPOXUR.
Blooming. (chem.) Of an insecticide, the formation of minute crystals of the active chemical on a surface following application by spraying; caused by rapid loss of solvent by evaporation, with the result that the insecticide has insufficient solvent for it to be absorbed in solution into the surface. Also, a characteristic of insecticidal lacquers containing insecticides (as solids), the bloom of crystals being regenerated on the surface through the migration of active chemical in the lacquer film. See also PENTACHLOROPHENOL.
Blow fly or Blue bottle fly. (cur) See CALLIPRORA ERYTHROCEPHALA.
Body louse, (ent) See ANNOPLURA.
Bolting cloth beetle. (ent) See TENEBRIOIDES MAURITANICUS
Booklice. (ent) Sec PSOCOPTERA.
Borax. (chem.) The common name for sodium tetraborate decahydrate sodium biborate sodium pyroborate). a white crvstalline solid, efflorescent in dry air. and once used alone. or in mixtures, as a powder for domestic cockroach control (see also BORIC ACID). Soluble in water (5 g 100 ml at 20~C). long used as a mild antiseptic and more recently as a component of fire retardant formulations. Also used as a corrosion inhibitor for ferrous metals, a herbicide (because of its strong phytotoxicity) and as an additive to sodium chlorate to reduce fire risk. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 2.7-5.l mg/kg. The lethal dose to infants is 5-6 g.
Boredust. (ent) See FRASS.
Boric acid. (chem..) Orthoboric acid, Boracic acid. An inorganic insecticide used for cockroach control for many years before the introduction of synthetic organic compounds; more effective and more rapid in action than BORAX. interest has been renewed in boric acid because of its non-repellent properties compared with more recently introduced insecticides. Boric acid admixed with cereals and sugar as a bait is no more effective than boric acid alone as a dust. A white crystalline solid, slightly soluble in water (6 �;), of extremely low volatility. A slow acting stomach poison and of long insecticidal persistence. Of low oral and dermal toxicity; acute oral LD50 (rat) is 2700 mg/kg; however, use at high concentrations, (approaching 100%), does not make boric acid less hazardous than more toxic insecticides used at lower concentrations. A free-flowing' agent is usually incorporated to prevent particle aggregation when boric acid is used as a dust. Past use has involved admixture with sodium fluoride (25 %) and/or pyrethrins (up to 3 %).
Botanical insecticides. (chem.) Insecticides made from extracts of certain parts of plants, including nicotine and some of the safest insecticides (e.g. pyrethrum, derris). Synthetic compounds simulating the action of some plant extracts have recently been introduced. See SYNTHETIC PYRETHRODS.
Boxelder bug. (ent) See LEPTOCORIS TRIVITTATUS.
Bread beetle. (ent) See TENEBROIDES MAURITANICUS.
Breeding potential. (zoo) The maximum number of offspring that an animal may produce over a specified period, or the animal's life span, given optimal conditions for growth, reproduction and survival of the offspring.
Bristle-tails. (ent) See THYSANURA.
British Pest Control Association. (name) The objectives of the Association (formerly the industrial Pest Control Association) are to represent the views of the pest control industry in Britain, in safeguarding the health of the community and to conserve commodities and protect property from destructive, disease-carrying and irritating pests. To this end, the Association communicates with Government Departments and others on legislation relating to the pest control industry which may affect the interests of its members. One of the main objects of the Association is to improve and maintain the status of the Industry in establishing minimum standards of competence for service staff. Since its formation in 1944 the Association has ensured the safe use of its members' services and products; an obligation of members of the Association is to bring to its attention information which may lead to improvement in safety standards and discourage the misuse of any practice or pesticide involving possible health hazards. To this end all members are bound by the Association�s support for co-operation with Government through the PESTICIDES SAFETY PRECAUTIONS SCHEME.
Broad-horned flour beetle. (en~) See GNATHOCERUS CORNUTUS.
Bromofume. (p. prod) See ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE.
Bromophos. (chem..) An organophosphorus insecticide of exceptionally low mammalian toxicity first described in 1964 and introduced in that year by Boehringer / CELA GmbH under the trade name �Nexion�. It has stomach arid contact action. The technical product is a yellowish crystalline solid with a faint characteristic odour, soluble in most organic solvents, non-corrosive and stable under alkaline conditions. Its full range of insecticidal activity is in process of being documented; effective against a number of insects of stored foodstuffs and especially effective against flies (0.5 g/m2) The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 3.8-6.l g/kg. Formulations available include 25 %~ and 40 % emulsion concentrates, 25 % wettable powder and a thermal fogging solution (40% a.i.). The normal ready-to-use spray concentration is O5 - 1.0% active ingredient.
Brown-banded cockroach. (ent) See SUPELLA LONGIPALPA.
Brown cockroach. (ent) See PERIPLANETA BRUNNEA.
Brown dog tick. (zoo) See RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS.
Brown house moth. (ent) See HOEMANNOPHILA PSEUDO5PRETELLA.
Brown rat. (zoo) See RATTUS NORVEGICUS.
Brown spiders. (zoo) See LOXOSCELES.
Bruchids. (ent) See ACANTHOSCELIDES and CALLOSOBRUCHUS.
Bryobia praetiosa. (zoo) Acari: Tetranychidae. The Gooseberry red spider mite or Clover mite. A pest of horticultural importance which invades buildings in the spring and summer. The adult (0'5-l mm long) is oval, either green or dull red, with slender legs, the first pair much longer than the rest. This mite has a strong migratory habit disturbing to occupants, but the mites are harmless and do not breed indoors. They are especially common in southern England and may cause alarm when they occur in considerable numbers. The mites feed on grass, clover and on fruit trees, periodically seeking the protection of buildings for moulting, and hibernation. The eggs are globular, bright red and are laid on grass. The emerging larvae feed on plant sap. Bryobia moves slowly, cf. BALAUSTIUM. Preventive measures involve removal of grass w1thin 2 feet of buildings to leave an area of exposed soil. A similar gap should be left between grass and any concrete or paving surrounding the walls. Where mites occur, spray outside walls and surrounding vegetation. See DICOFOL. Indoors, spray window frames and walls on which the mites crawl.
Bubonic plague. (dis) See PASTURELLA PESTIS.
Bug. (ent.) Strictly, a member of the Order Hemiptera. e.g. the Bedbug. the Boxelder bug. A descriptive term for many small animals. e.g. Sow bug' (= Woodlouse. see ISOPODA). 'Pill bug' {-- Millipede. see DIPLOPODA). Colloquially insects and bacteria in general.
Building demolition. (bldg) The destruction of buildings and site clearance prior to the use of land for redevelopment. Frequently insufficient pre- cautions are taken by the persons responsible to prevent the dispersal of rats and mice resident in buildings being demolished. with the result that neighbouring premises. such as shops. food manufacturing premises or stores. become infested despite precautions taken by their occupants. in the U.K. the Prevention of Damage by Pests Act (1949) gives local authorities the power to ensure that action is taken to prevent this happening: namely the extermination of rodents before demolition starts and the sealing off at ground level of drains, sewers and other pipes (in accordance with the Public health Act 1961).
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