| Letter |
Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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| QUICKVIEW |
A
B C D
E F G
H I J
K L M
N O P
Q R S
T U V
W X Y
Z |
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Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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Damage.
Signs of
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Dark
mealworm beetle
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Dasyphora
cyanella
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DDT
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DDVP
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Death
Watch Beetle
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Debris
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DEET
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Delicia |
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Delnav |
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Density |
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Deratting
of ships
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Dermacentor
variabilis |
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Dermal |
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Dermanyssus
gallinae |
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Dermaptera
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Dermatophagoides
pteronyssinus |
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Dermestes
haemorrhoidalis |
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Dermestes
lardarius |
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Dermestes
maculatus |
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Dermestes
peruvianus |
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Dermestidae |
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Derris
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Desiccant |
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Detia
GAS EX-B |
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Developmental
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Diapause |
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Diatomaceous
earth |
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Diazinon |
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Dibrom |
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Dicapthon |
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Dichlorvos |
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Dicofol |
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Dictyoptera |
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Dieldrin |
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Diethyl
toluamide |
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Digestive
system
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Diluent |
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Dimethoate |
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Dimethyl
phthalate |
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Dioxathion |
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Dioxacarb |
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Diphacinone |
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Diplopoda |
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Diptera |
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Dipterex |
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Disinfection |
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Disinfestation |
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Dispensing
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Dispersible
powder |
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Dispersion |
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Disposal
(of empty pesticide containers) |
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DMP |
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Dobbin
Duster |
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Dog
Flea |
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Domestic |
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Domiciliary |
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Drain |
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Drat |
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Dried
currant moth |
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Dried
fruit beetles
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Dried
fruit moth |
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Drie-die |
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Drione |
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Droplet |
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Droppings |
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Drosophila |
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Drugstore
beetle |
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Drywood
termites |
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Duck
board |
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Duct |
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Dung
beetles |
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Dursban |
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Dust |
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Dust
gun |
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Dust
mask |
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Dylox |
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Dyna
fog |
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Damage.
Signs of:
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(zoo) Evidence Of infestation as shown for example by woodwork
and finished |
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products gnawed by rats (Figs. 23-25): damaged
cartons and shredded paper used as nesting material by mice (Fig.
22): excreta of cockroaches and flies on wall surfaces holes in fabrics
produced by textile pests: and the blocking of gutters and defacement
of buildings with bird droppings (Fig. 21). A
knowledge of the characteristic appearance of pest damage is essential
in assessing the location and extent of a pest problem: of diagnosing
the problem in the absence of the pest: in formulating the appropriate
measures to achieve eradication where necessary. |
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Dark
mealworm beetle.
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(ent) See TENEBRIO OBSCURUS. |
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Dasyphora
cyanella.
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(ent) See GREENBOTTLE FLIES. |
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DDT.
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(chem.) One of the earliest synthetic insecticides, discovered in 1939 and |
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introduced by Geigy under the trade names
'Gesarol'. 'Guesarol' and
'Neocid'. The first synthetic chlorinated hydrocarbon with a wide spectrum
of activity, making a major contribution to insect control during
World War II and probably the most widely applied of all insecticides
in post war years. Many insects. e.g. bedbugs, brown dog ticks
and fleas may be resistant. Never very effective against cockroaches.
Now limited in use. or banned in some countries. because
of long residual action. persistence and accumulation of DDT
in animal tissues and the environment The
technical product is a waxy solid. practically insoluble in water. readily
soluble in most aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Insecticidal activities
combine contact and stomach action. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 125 mg / kg stored in body fat. excreted in milk.
Many formulations have been used: Wettable Powders, emulsions. oil
sprays and dusts. |
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DDVP.
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(chem.) See
Dichlorvos. |
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Death
watch beetle.
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(ent) See XESTOBIUM RUFOVILLOSUM |
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Debris.
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(manuf ) Rubbish. The accumulation of waste material in a form Conducive
to |
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pest infestation : evidence of inattention to good HOUSEKEEPING (q.v.) and
PREVENTATIVE PEST CONTROL (q.v.). in food manufacture. small
particles of raw materials or manufactured products which accumulate
in dead spaces. under machines. in floor crevices. storage areas
and transport. providing material for the establishment of insect and
rodent infestations. |
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DEET.
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(chem.) See DIETHYL TOLUAMIDE. |
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Delicia.
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(p. prod) See ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE. |
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Delnav.
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(p. prod) See DIOXATHION. |
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Density.
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(phy) The weight of a unit volume of a substance, usually expressedas
lb/ft3 or |
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as g/cm3 |
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Deratting
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of ships. (proc) A requirement of the World Health Organisation
to
prevent the |
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re-introduction of Bubonic plague: compulsory regulations to ensure
that rat infestations on ships are reduced to a minimum
and
that ships are treated if the numbers of rats are more than 'negligible'. Port
Health Authorities are required to issue 'deratting' or
exemption
certificates for ships which are treated or found clear on
inspection.
International Sanitary Regulations permit the use of liquid
baits
of sodium monofluoroacetate, as an alternative to
hydrogen
cyanide fumigation.
Separate
from these regulations. many owners prefer to have permanent rodenticidal baits
of warfarin established in the holds of
their
ships to safeguard against reinfestation in ports when cargo is
loaded. |
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Dermacentor
variabilis.
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(zoo) Acari:
Ixodidae. The American dog tick. Infests
woodlands. the larval and |
TOP
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nymphal stages feeding on rodents; only
the adult is a pest of man. Often brought into homes on dogs, which
are particularly susceptible. Most prevalent in the United States during
May-August. This
tick transmits spotted fever (a Rickettsia) and causes tick paralysis, a
non-pathogenic reaction to bites. Regular treatment of dogs and their sleeping
quarters is the most effective means of preventing introduction into
the home. |
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Dermal.
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(tox) Appertaining to the skin. A portal of entry of pesticides into the
body. |
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their effect usually being much slower than by ingestion or inhalation.
The most widely used measure of dermal toxicity is the dermal
LD50. See LD50). |
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Dermanyssus
gallinae.
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(zoo) Acari:
Laelaptidae. Poultry red mite. A common
parasite of most wild |
TOP
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birds and poultry. Heavy infestations reduce
the health of chickens and egg-laying. Mites in buildings come from
nests of wild birds (sparrows. starlings and pigeons): the mite will attack
man. A
medium-sized mite (1 mm long). red after a blood meal. turning black.
Eggs are laid in birds' nests: cracks and crevices. under debris: the
nymphs and adults feed at night. The life cycle can be completed in 7-8
days: adults survive starvation for many months. |
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Dermaptera.
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(ent) The Order of insects containing earwigs. Adults. red-brown
to black. long |
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and flattened. terminating in a pair of �forceps� (often
curved in the male but straight in the female): the much folded hind
wings are covered by short elytra. An unusual feature of the female is
that she looks after her eggs and the young nymphs until they disperse. Earwigs
frequently enter homes from the garden, occasionally in large numbers; new
housing estates are often troubled. The adults are nocturnal and seek crevices
for harbourage, e.g. under skirtings, beneath stairs and suspended floors, and
in cupboards, under sinks and baths. The
word earwig derives from the common belief that these insects are liable
to make their way into the human ear, but this is rare, the insect then
only seeking shelter. Earwigs
are harmless, but the forceps may give a slight nip. Treat where
required with dusts and sprays. Species
which may commonly invade buildings are Forficula auricularia (Common or
European earwig), widely distributed, and Euborellia annulipes
(Ring-legged earwig) and Labidura riparia (Striped earwig) in the
U.S.A. |
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Dermestes
haemorrhoidalis.
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(cur) Coleoptera: Dermestidae. Often found in homes
and office buildings, |
TOP
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almost certainly originating from birds' nests,
the larvae feeding on waste animal material. Both larvae and adults
are casual intruders, usually only in small numbers, not causing damage
to property. A large beetle (12 mm long) uniformly dark brown. A
similar, related species is D. peruvianus with which D. haemorrhoidalis is
often confused. |
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Dermestes
lardarius.
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(ent)
Coleoptera: Dermestidae. The Larder, or Bacon
beetle. A common pest of |
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factories handling dry animal proteins (bones,
pet foods). of larders and shops (where favoured foods include cheese, bacon and
ham); usually associated
with indifferent standards of hygiene. One of the larger dermestid beetles (6-10
mm long) oval, the front half of the elytra pale, with a transverse band of
spots the rear half darker. Both
larvae and adults damage food. Development from egg to adult: 2-3 months
(l8-25�C),
the adult living for 3 months, often hibernating in unheated premises. |
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Dermestes
maculatus.
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(ent)
Coleoptera: Dermestidae. The
Leather, or Hide beetle (right). Similar in |
TOP
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habits to D.
lardarius, attacking
animal proteins, common in hide and
skin warehouses. The
adult is uniformly black above, but with white scales on underside of the
abdomen; the apex of the elytra produced backwards into a fine point. Larva has
a strong tendency to burrow into wood to pupate. Development from egg to adult,
6-7 weeks
(23C). |
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Dermestes
peruvianus.
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(ent) See DERMESTES
HAEMORRHOIDALIS. |
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Dermestidae.
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(ent) The family of the Coleoptera containing many pest beetles
of textiles and |
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stored foodstuffs. All with hairy larvae, the majority
feeding on materials of high protein content. See ANTHRENUS, ATTAGENUS.
DERMESTES and TROGODERMA. |
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Derris.
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(chem.) Sec ROTENONE |
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Desiccant.
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(chem.) A dust which abrades or absorbs the outer wax layer of the
insect |
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cuticle causing loss of body fluids. The insect then dies by dehydration.
Sec AEROGEL. |
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Detia
GAS EX-B.
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(p. prod) See ALUMINIUM PHOSPHIDE. |
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Developmental
stage.
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(ent)
The form of an insect at different periods of its life
cycle. See also |
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METAMORPHOSIS. |
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Diapause.
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(ent) A period of dormancy ]n insect development which occurs only
in certain |
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species and which may take place even when conditions are
favourable for continued development. in this latter respect diapause contrasts
with HIBERNATION e.g.-. in mammals. Diapause may occur
in egg. larva. pupae or adult: the best known examples are in larvae
about to pupate lasting for weeks. months or sometimes years. Some
insects enter diapause in every generation
'obligate diapause'; others
enter diapause �facultative diapause� spontaneously
when food
deficiency, drought, changes in light intensity. or low temperatures prevail.
Not all insects in a population may respond in this way. some completing
development in the normal period. Thus
diapause enables some insects to survive adverse conditions which
would otherwise be fatal. Examples among pest insects include: Hoffmannophila
pseudospretella, Ephestia elutella and trogoderma granarium Metabolic
activity of insects is often
reduced during diapause. with the
result that they become difficult to kill with fumigants |
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Diatomaceous
earth.
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(chem.) A powdery silicious rock arising as a deep sea sedimentary
deposit of |
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diatoms: minute unicellular plants with flinty shells.
Once used as a DESICCANT DUST (q.v.). See also AEROGEL. Now commonly
used as an absorbent carrier for liquid insecticides in the manufacture
of DUSTS and WETTABLE POWDERS. |
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Diazinon.
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(chem.) An organophosphorus compound introduced in 1952 by Geigy,
under |
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various trade names including 'Basudin'. One of the most Widely
used insecticides in industrial and domestic pest control. Especially in the
advent of resistance among cockroaches to certain organochlorine compounds.
Widely accepted for the control of Blattella germanica and Periplaneta
Americana, ants, flies and many household Insects.
Active also against mites and lice. The
technical product is a pale to dark brown liquid, only slightly soluble in water
but miscible with most organic solvents. It decomposes above 120�C, is susceptible to oxidation and slowly
hydrolyses in the presence of water to produce a deterioration product highly
toxic to man. Commercial formulations are stabilised to prevent this. Diazinon
is highly volatile. Thus when applied to surfaces, the vapour kills flying
insects in the air in addition to killing them by contact. It has a
relatively slow knockdown and short persistence on absorptive surfaces. The
popularity of diazinon derives Iron, its good insecticidal properties and
acceptable mammalian toxicity. It is rapidly degraded in the body
and excreted. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 80-150 mg/kg, although recent
improvements in the processing procedure have lowered toxicity to
an LD50 of 300-400 mg/kg; readily absorbed through the skin; inhalation
should be prevented in confined areas. Formulations available
include emulsion concentrates, oil sprays, wettable powders, dusts and
lacquers. |
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Dibrom.
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(p. prod) See NALED. |
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Dicapthon.
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(chem.) An organophosphorus insecticide with contact action, introduced
in |
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1954 by American Cyanamid Co. A white crystalline powder,
insoluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents with useful acaricidal
properties and promise for fly control. Used to a limited extent
against cockroaches. Of relatively low mammalian toxicity. Acute oral
LD50 (rat): 330-340 mg/kg. |
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Dichlorvos.
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(chem.) DDVP. An organophosphorus compound with high insecticidal |
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properties first described in 1951 by Ciba; later introduced under
the trade names 'Nuvan' (Ciba), and 'Vapona' (Shell). A widely used
insecticide for industrial and domestic pest control (cockroaches, ants,
bedbugs, fleas, flies and mosquitoes), with contact and stomach action,
quick knockdown and useful fumigant properties against flying insects.
Often incorporated with other insecticides, instead of pyrethrum, to
impart 'flushing action'. A constituent of insecticidal aerosol products and
SLOW RELEASE STRIPS (q.v.) Non-persistent. The
technical product is a colourless amber liquid with an aromatic odour;
slightly soluble in water, miscible with most organic solvents. it
is hydrolysed at room temperatures; corrosive to iron and mild steel, but
non-corrosive to stainless steel and aluminium. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 40-60 mg/kg. Formulations available include
emulsion concentrates, oil soluble concentrates, aerosols (04-1%)
and slow release resin strips (20%>). Limitations are imposed on
the use of the slow release formulations where food is exposed and where
people (e.g. in hospitals) may be subject to prolonged inhalation. |
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Dicofol.
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(chem.) A non-systemic acaricide with long residual life introduced in
1955 by |
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Rohm & Haas under the trade name 'Kelthane'. The technical product
is a brown viscous oil, insoluble in water, but soluble in most organic
solvents. Especially useful for outdoor control of Bryobia praetiosa
applied as a drenching spray (0.03%) to vegetation; effective against mite eggs
and active stages. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 800 mg/kg. Formulations
available include wettable powder, emulsions and dust. |
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Dictyoptera.
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(en r) The Order of insects containing the cockroaches (Sub - order
Blattaria) |
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and mantids (Suborder Mantodea); insects which produce
their eggs in an egg case or ootheca, the ovipositor is much reduced
and concealed within the abdomen. |
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Dieldrin.
(chem.) An organochlorine compound of close chemical affinities |
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with
aldrin; the pure compound in Britain is known as HEOD. First introduced
as an insecticide in 1948 by Wyman & Co. One of the most widely
used insecticides in industrial and domestic pest control with high
stomach and contact activity against cockroaches, ants, flies and many
other household pests; its value derives from good insecticidal action
combined with unusually high stability and long persistence on treated
surfaces. Hence its wide use in timber preservatives and soil poisoning
for TERMITE CONTROL (q.;.). The
technical product is a light tan flaky solid with very low volatility; not
soluble in water but soluble in most aromatic solvents. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 40-50 mg/kg. Readily absorbed through
the
skin; stored in body fat. Highly toxic to fish. Available in various formulations.
Use in many countries is restricted where it is now largely replaced
by shorter lived organophosphorus compounds (except for subterranean
termite control in some areas) |
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Diethyl
toluamide.
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(chem.) Deet. A colourless to amber liquid introduced as
an insect repellent in |
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1955 by Hercules Inc. under the trade name 'Metadelphine';
especially effective against mosquitoes and other biting flies
on contact. A
viscous liquid, practically insoluble in water but miscible with alcohols,
glycols and vegetable oils. Acute oral LD50 (rat) 2000 mg/kg: may
cause slight skin irritation. Formulated with other repellents (e.g. dimethyl
phthalate) in lotions, creams and other bases. |
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Digestive
system.
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(zoo) See ALIMENTARY CANAL. |
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Diluent.
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(chem.) Carrier. Material used to dilute a pesticide, thereby reducing its |
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concentration to the level required for use. Examples are water,
oils and Solvents (for sprays), talc and china clay FILLERS (for insecticidal
and rodenticidal dusts). The choice of diluent may greatly affect
the toxicity of the pesticide through ease of entry into the body. especially
the skin. The diluent of many formulations, e.g. oil sprays, may
be, orally, more toxic to man than the pesticide, because the diluent is
present in vastly greater quantity |
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Dimethoate.
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(chem.) An organophosphorus compound first introduced as an
insecticide in |
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1956 by the American Cyanamid Co. under the trade name
'Cygon' and by Montecatini by the name �Rogor�. The technical material
forms colourless crystals with a camphor-like smell. Dimethoate is used as a
contact and systemic insecticide (in plants and animals)
against a range of insects, especially houseflies, cattle grubs and
flies of medical importance. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 320-380
mg/kg. Formulations available include
emulsion concentrates and wettable powders. |
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Dimethyl
phthalate.
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(chem.) DMP. An insect repellent for personal protection against biting insects, |
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introduced during World War II, after previous
use as a plasticiser. A colourless to yellow viscous liquid, with low
solubility in water but soluble in most organic liquids. The acute oral
LD50 (rat) is 8200 mg kg. Irritating to the eyes and mucous membranes. Applied
alone or in combination with other repellents (e.g. DIETHYL
TOLUAMIDE) in lotions, creams and other bases. |
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Dioxathion.
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(chem.) An organophosphorus compound introduced in 1954 by
Hercules Inc. |
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under the trade name �Delnav� with non-systemic insecticidal
and acaricidal properties, for the treatment of external parasites
of livestock. It is used against dog ticks and fleas. The acute oral
LD50 (rat) is 25-40 mg/kg. Available as an emulsion concentrate. |
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Dioxacarb.
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(chem.) A carbamate insecticide with stomach and contact action,
introduced |
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by Ciba Limited under the trade name �Famid�,
recommended for use against cockroaches and other crawling insects
at l-2% active ingredient. A
white crystalline solid, almost odourless, insoluble in water and odourless
kerosene, but soluble in selected organic solvents; unstable in alkaline
media. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 100-150 mg/kg; highly toxic
to
bees. Formulations available include wettable powder (50%) and dust
(5%) |
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Diphacinone.
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(chem.) �Diphacin� (p. prod). An anticoagulant of the indane- dione
type
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developed as a rodenticide by the Niagra Chem. Div. of Food Machinery
& Chem. Corp. A yellow crystalline powder, insoluble in water.
A good alternative to warfarin against commensal rats and mice: kills
Rattus norvegicus in 2-3 days at half the concentration of warfarin, but
is slightly less acceptable than warfarin at equal strengths. Some what
quicker in action than warfarin against R. rattus. Acute
oral LD50 (rat) 3-17 mg/kg; dog and cat 5-15 mg/kg. Slightly more
hazardous than warfarin to domestic animals, although usually used
at lower concentrations than warfarin in baits. Formulations
available: an insoluble 0 1% concentrate in corn - starch
for making cereal baits (0.005%), a soluble 0 1 % concentrate with
sugar for making a liquid bait (0 005%) |
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Diplopoda.
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(zoo) The Class of animals referred to as millipedes from the many legs |
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possessed by some species. In Britain, most have 50-100 pairs of legs, but some
have only 17. There are two pairs to each of the majority of segments (cf.
CHILOPODA). Millipedes
are narrow cylindrical animals with hard, calcareous skins;
they may give off an offensive odour or roll into a spiral when disturbed.
Normally live outdoors on damp decaying wood and vegetable debris. Common
millipedes fortuitously invading homes in Britain are
species of Cyliridroiulus, brown or blue-grey 15-50 mm long. Eggs are
laid in soil; the life cycle may take up to 2 years. Treatment is rarely
required. |
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Diptera.
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(ent) The Order of insects containing the flies; among the most highly
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specialised of insects. Most with a single pair of membranous wings
and a hind pair of wings modified into small halteres (balancing organs);
the mouthparts adapted for sucking, forming a proboscis (as in
Musca) or for piercing (as in mosquitoes), the mandibles rudimentary.
Larvae are variable in form, all without legs; e.g. the typical
maggots of Musca, whilst those of Fannia resemble plant seeds.
The pupa is often enclosed in the last larval skin (puparium). The
Diptera contains many species of importance in pest control; some
are just nuisance pests (CLUSTER FLIES). others are of utmost significance
to human welfare as vectors of specific pathogens (MOSQUITOES);
some are accidental carriers of disease by virtue of their association
with excreta, decaying organic matter and food (HOUSE FLIES,
BLUE and GREEN BOTTLES). Others are contaminants of food manufacture (FRUIT
FLIES). |
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Dipterex.
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(p. prod) See TRICHLORPHON. |
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Disinfection.
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(proc) See STERILISATION. |
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Disinfestation.
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(proc) See ERADICATION. |
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Dispensing.
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(proc) The act of transferring a pesticide from one container to
another for the |
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purpose of dilution. removing a quantity for ease of carrying,
or use. It is rarely possible to transfer fluids from containers larger
than 1 gall (5 litres) without spillage. This should be recognised in
the provision of catch trays. or stillage for very large containers with
suitable taps. NEVER dispense pesticides into unlabelled containers or
transfer to containers resembling those used for soft drinks or other household
items. |
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Dispersible
powder.
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(chem.) See WETTABLE POWDER. |
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Dispersion.
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(phy) A uniform mixture of particles, as in a properly formulated insecticidal |
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dust, or rodenticidal bait. The use of a dye or pigment first mixed with the
active ingredient helps to give a visual indication of the uniformity of
distribution. Also the uniform mixture of two or more
liquids. |
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Disposal
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(of empty pesticide containers). (proc, leg) The avoidance of environmental |
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contamination and possible risk to children by the safe handling
of pesticide containers when emptied. Small amounts of some pesticides
are highly toxic to fish. Containers of all sorts have a fascination for
children. It is impossible to remove all traces of a pesticide from
a container simply by dispensing. The simple rules are: 1) wash out
the container after use, 2) dispose of the washings into the sprayer. or
nearest drain (not domestic sink), 3) flatten the container (if possible)
so
that it is unusable, 4) place with refuse for municipal collection or 5) if
possible provide for disposal by special arrangement with a local authority.
Do not burn aerosol cans. |
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DMP.
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(chem.) See DIMETHYL PHTHALATE. |
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Dobbin
duster.
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(equip) See DUST GUN. |
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Dog
flea.
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(ent)
See CTENOCEPHALIDES CANIS. |
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Domestic.
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(name) A term used by pest control contractors to distinguish a category
of |
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clients or source of business, as distinct from commercial / industrial. |
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Domiciliary.
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(zoo) Pertaining to the home; domiciliary species of cockroach
are those closely |
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associated with man, but not only in domestic situations. |
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Drain.
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(bldg) A pipe or conduit designed to carry to a suitable outfall, waste products |
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that are capable of being removed by the aid of water. The points of difference
between a 'drain' and 'SEWER' (q.v.) are of administrative importance, in the
responsibility for maintenance under the Public Health Act 1936 (UK); a drain is
a conduit for the removal of waste from one building, or of any structures or
yards appurtenant to buildings within the same curtilage (the boundary or ring
fence of a single property). Thus, when used solely for private purposes, a
drain is private property A drainage system should be self-cleansing and free
from all liability to cause nuisance, inconvenience, or risk of injury to
health; it should be in every sense a sanitary arrangement. that is to say free
also, from insect and rodent infestation. |
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Drat.
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(p'. prod) See CHLOROPHACINONE. |
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Dried
currant moth.
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(ent) See EPHESTIA CAUTELLA. |
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Dried
fruit beetles.
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(ent) See CARPOPHILUS. |
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Dried
fruit moth.
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(ent) See EPHESTIA CAUTELLA. |
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Drie-die.
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(p. prod) See AEROGEL. |
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Drione.
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(p. prod) See AEROGEL. |
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Droplet.
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(phy) A small quantity of liquid which remains as an entity in air by
virtue of
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the surface tension at the liquid air interface. Large droplets
settle
more quickly than small droplets and coalesce more easily on surfaces.
For example. the time required for droplets of water of varying diameter
to fall 1.5m in still air are of the following order:
0.005mm
30 minutes.
0.01
mm
10 minutes.
0.05
mm
20 seconds.
0.l
mm
5. seconds.
0.2
mm
l second.
Thus
when mists and fogs are used against flying insects it is necessary to have
nozzles which provide a small droplet size to give the longest possible time for
�fall out�
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Droppings.
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(zoo) See FAECES. |
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Drosophila.
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(ent) Diptera: Drosophilidae. Fruit flies, Vinegar flies. Pests of
breweries.
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canning factories and premises where wine. vinegar and pickles are manufactured. Small (3 mm long) yellow-brown, rather
bulbous
flies (Fig. 27), the abdomen hanging down during flight, which is
slow; tendency to hover. Developmental
stages are well adapted for living in fluids and wet fermenting
substances, rotting fruit and vegetables. To allow the egg to breathe
in liquids it has a filamentous process at one end; the larva has an
outgrowth at the end of the abdomen bearing retractile breathing tubes.
The pupa has respiratory 'horns'. Pest
species in Britain include: D. repleta which breeds in rotting vegetables
and is troublesome in kitchens and canteens; D. funebris breeds
in sour milk. |
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Drugstore
beetle.
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(ent) See Stegobium PANICEUM. |
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Drywood
termites.
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(ent) Termites which exist without contact with the soil. Nests
constructed in |
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wood, infestations in timber often without visible signs
of attack, except expelled frass on surfaces below. Eggs are laid in surface
cracks the young developing within timber; the worker caste is
absent. In
contrast to subterranean termites, large chambers are produced within
the wood, tunnels are often constructed across the grain. Cellulose is
digested with the aid of an intestinal microflora (Protozoa). The
faecal pellets of Drywood termites have a characteristic 'poppy seed'
appearance. Principal pest species in the U.S. are members of the Kalotermitidae
including the widely distributed Cryptorermes brevis. Drywood
termites are readily distributed in infested furniture. See TERMITE
CONTROL. |
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Duck
board.
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(man
tif) A slatted structure of wood laid on the floor in wet areas
for people to |
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walk on; often found behind bars and in certain areas
of food manufacturing premises. Duck boards are undesirable in that
they provide numerous crevices for cockroaches; they are rarely cleaned
and are unhygienic. They should never be used for storage, in place
of pallets as duck boards give insufficient clearance from the floor for
inspection purposes. |
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Duct.
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(bldg) A channel often forming part of a building structure containing the |
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services, such as plumbing, gas piping and electrical wiring. Ducts may
be horizontal or vertical and vary in size considerably: in some hospitals,
for example, they form underground passageways, usually containing
the central heating pipes, connecting different parts of a building
complex. The rough brickwork and warmth provides ideal harbourage
for cockroaches (especially Blatta orientalis and Periplaneta
mericana
and tropical species of
ants, especially Monomorium pharaonis).
Here large populations may develop unnoticed. the inter- connecting
ducts providing easy access for pests to different parts of a building.
Ducting
is frequently created after building construction to hide unsightly pipe work.
The use of panelling for this purpose is not however recommended,
since it provides ideal runs for rodents. If ducting is used, ease
of dismantling and inspection should be considered during construction. |
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Dung
beetles.
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(ent) Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae.
Insects whose larvae feed on the
faeces of |
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various animals; the adults often attracted to light at night.
entering premises
and causing a nuisance by their presence. A common example in Britain
is Aphodius rufipes. |
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Dursban.
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(p. prod) See CHLORPYRIFOS. |
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Dust.
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(chem.) A uniform mixture of a low concentration of an insecticide or |
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rodenticide in a finely divided carrier, usually china clay or talc. Exceptions
to this are the use of boric acid as an insecticidal
dust (usually 99 OD active ingredient) or the almost now extinct use of high
concentrations of sodium fluoride. In the past, DDT (2W50 7~) has been used as a
rodenticidal contact dust. The
inactive carrier facilitates the uniform application of the active ingredient
over the surfaces of the harbourages to be treated. Fine dusts are
more effective than coarse dusts (see PARTICLE SIZE); they should only
be applied in dry locations since moisture causes the particles to clog
(see AGGREGATION). Dusts are more readily picked up by insects than
sprays since the particles do not adhere firmly to surfaces. Dusts have
the additional advantage of being easily dispersed in cavities not easily
reached by sprays, but some have the disadvantage of being repellent
to insects. Dusts are the cheapest insecticidal formulation; they
are always ready for use and should never be mixed with water. Rodenticidal
dusts applied to the harbourages of rats and mice provide a
useful control technique in support of baiting. See CONTACT DUST. |
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Dust
gun.
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(equip)
Hand-operated equipment for the application of insecticidal dusts and |
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rodenticidal
contact dusts, the nozzle often with an extension
tube for insertion into cracks and crevices. Principally for use indoors.
There are many designs, e.g. piston type (~Dobbin duster') by which
dust is expelled by short sharp strokes (Fig. 28): more precise placement
of smaller quantities is obtained with bellows and bulb dusters
of the squeeze type. |
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Dust
mask.
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(equip) A device covering the mouth and nostrils to protect the wearer
against |
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inhalation of particles during the application of insecticidal dusts and
rodenticidal contact dusts. The simplest form (Martin-dale)
consists of a light aluminium holder containing a replaceable muslin
gauze. During long exposure, wear a light fume mask. See GAS MASK. |
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Dylox.
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(p. prod) See TRICHLORPHON. |
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Dynafog.
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(equip) See FOGGING MACHINES. |
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