| Letter |
Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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| QUICKVIEW |
A
B C D
E F G
H I J
K L M
N O P
Q R S
T U V
W X Y
Z |
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Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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Earwigs
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Eave
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Ecdysis
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Ecology
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Ectoparasite
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EDB
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EDC
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Egg
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Egg case
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Electrical hazard
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Electrocution
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Elevator
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Elytron
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Embryo
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Emetic
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Emulsifier
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Emulsion concentrate |
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Endemic |
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Endrin |
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English Sparrow |
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Entanglement |
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Entex |
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Entoleter
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Environment |
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Enzyme |
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Ephestia
cautella |
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Ephestia
elutella |
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Ephestia
kuhniella |
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Epidemic |
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Eradication |
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Ethohexadiol |
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Ethylene
dibromide |
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Ethylene
dichloride |
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Ethylene oxide |
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Ethyl formate |
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Ethyl hexanediol |
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Ethyl hexylene glycol
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Euborellia
annulipes |
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Euophryum
confine |
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European rat
flea |
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European
starling |
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Evidence (of
infestation). |
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Excreta |
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Excretory system |
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Exotic |
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Exuvium |
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Earwigs.
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(cur)
See DERMAPTERA. |
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Eave.
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(bldg)
That part of 3 sloping roof which at its lowest extends beyond the |
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vertical
wall. Gaps left below the eaves. in the fascia or soffit boards,
provide entry into roof voids of pest
birds (notably sparrows). bats (especially
in the tropics). and ship rats ( Rcirrzts rcJrrtIs). Entry of the
latter to domestic properties is
facilitated by o\erhanging trees, electric and
telephone cable connections. |
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Ecdysis.
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(ent)
See MOULTING |
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Ecology
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(zoo) The study of the inter-relationship of organisms with their
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environment.
A subject which has come much to the fore in recent years because
of possible adverse effects of pesticides in the environment on desirablc
animals (and plants). A knowledge of the ecology of LI pest is necessary
to its effective control. |
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Ectoparasite.
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(zoo) P ~r i~ite~ ~ hich feed from the e\ternal surface of the host
(e.g. bedbue~
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le t~ md lice) |
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EDB
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(c'he,Ji) See Eit~~ LF\t
I)IBRO\1iI)t
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EDC
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(clieni) See Liti~ Li \t t)IC HLORII)t
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Egg
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(zoo) The lite ~t I~'~ ol in ora Ini~ni from
which a new individual develops. |
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c&)mpri~ino a Z\ ~OtC ( tu~ed nuclei of sperni and o\'um. but see also
PARTHF\()GL\LsI~) . a tood re~er~e (volk). various membranes (in insects
a \ itelline membrane and chorion ) afld often an outer protecti~ e calcareous
shell (birds). |
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Egg
case.
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(ent) See OOTHECA.
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Electrical
hazard.
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(cc/ill!)) The possibility of being electrocuted when
carrv- mg
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control operations. To reduce this risk. the following should be
observed when using powered tools I) Wse
double-insulated tools. or those effectively earthed. A properly grounded
tool is the safest way to prevent electrical shock. 2)
All electrical equipment should be cleaned and tested at regular Inter\
als b> a qualified person. Faults likely to occur are breakdown of
the internal insulation and failure of the wiring at its connections. If
the tool is not functioning properly. get it repaired immediately. 3)
Enstire that tools are fitted \\ ith cables appropriate to the rigors of the
job. and unaffected by the pest contrt)l materials being used. Cables
\\ ith broken insulation should be replaced immediatelN . Coil cables
neatl>' \\hen nt)t in u~e. 4) Wear
gloves designed to give protection against commonly occurring voltages.
5) Know the location of live circuits in the area
where you are working (especially when
drilling), and if possible, turn off the current before starting
work. 6) If a fuse 'blows', always replace
it by one of the correct value. To reduce
hazards when using pesticides in an area containing electrical circuitry
~.g. meter cupboards), use dust formulations in preference to
sprays; never use water-based sprays, and avoid the use of metalladders. See Jso
ELECTROCUION. |
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Electrocution
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(PH) flectrocution occurs when the body becomes part of a 'live'
circuit as
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in one of the following: I) it comes in contact with both wires
(live and neutral) in the circuit, 2) with the live wire and the ground,
or 3) with some metal surface (perhaps a faulty electric tool) permitting
discharge of electricity through the body to the ground. As a result,
the body receives a shock varying in severity with the size of the current,
its path through the body, and the length of time that the body is
in contact. These influence whether the body feels a mild muscular contraction,
possibly leading to paralysis of breathing which can be fatal,
or in the extreme case, heart failure. (See ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION). If
the skin is wet, with water or perspiration more current is allowed to pass
and the risk is increased. The risk of
electrocution should be recognised bv all those involved in pest
control when using powered tools, or when carrying out treatment with
pesticides in an area containing electrical equipment, meters, fuse boxes
or other wiring. See ELECTRICAL HAZARD. |
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Elevator
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(n1oJ?1(f, bldg) Powered equipment for raising commodities usually
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Vertically
(ef. CONVEYOR) e.g. of grain in silos, consisting usually of
separate 'buckets' attached to a movlne belt enclosed in a metal or wooden
casing. The commodity is spouted into the elevator at the base
and discharged as the buckets are inverted at the top. Insect infestations
frequently arise in the elevator boot: the lowest part of the equipment
where residues accumulate and high local temperatures are produced
by moving bearings. Also in the U.S. a
lift for carrying people; the lift well, usually below ground
or basement level is where debris often accumulates to provide fly-breeding
sites, rodent harbourage and nesting material. The lift shaft
provides ready access to all floors for rodents and insects and the spread
of infestation. |
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Elytron
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(ent) p1. Elytra. The leathery or
scelerotised forewing of an insect
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serving
as a cover for the more membranous hindwings when at rest. In
beetles, the elytra are especially horny and meet in a straight line down
the back; in cockroaches (where they are called tegmina) they overlap,
and in some species are much reduced. ln those insects which fly.
the elytra are non-functional. Some are modified to provide a stridulatorv
or~an with the metathorax (e~g. Lettcopllaea niaderae). In some insects which do
not fly, the elytra are fused together (e.g. Gibbium psyllo
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Embryo
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(zoo) The developing organism within an insect egg; in mammals and |
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birds an early stage of development of the foetus (i.e. the period of
differentiation before the various parts are visibly recognisable). In man,
the foetus before the fourth month of pregnancy. |
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Emetic
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.(lox) A substance usually given orally to induce vomiting (emptying of the
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stomach contents by way of the mouth) following accidental swallowing
of a pesticide. In cases of emergency, readilv available emetics are
table salt (one teaspoon) or powdered mustard (quarter teaspoon) to a glass of
water and milk {to slow absorption). After each administration,
stimulate \omiting by touching the pharynx or back of
the tongue with a finger, unless the patient is already vomiting. Apomorphine
hydrochloride is the fastest {within 5 minutes) and most effective
means of inducing emesis in a conscious patient (O'06 mg;kg body
weight). For veterinary use, against suspected poisoning of domestic animals
give apomorphine at a dose level of 009 mgkg, preferably subcutaneously.
Do not use an emetic if acids, alkalis or kerosene have been
swallowed, or if the victim is unconscious. Tartar
emetic has been recommended forinclusion in baits containing acute
rodenticides (e.g. Antu) to provide greater protection against poisoning
of domestic animals. This is not however recommended as it produces
variable reactions and reduces bait acceptance. |
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Emulsifier
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(c/rem) A chemical (e.g. Triton) which allows the admixture of oil and
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water by stabilisine the oil as minute drops within the water. The reverse
can also be achieved. Niost emulsiflers are synthetic detergents. Soap
was once used for this purpose. |
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Emulsion
concentrate.
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(c/rem) A solution of an insecticide (or other active ingredient
usually in
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the range 20-50?t) in solvents, together with emulsifying
agents, which allow' it to be diluted with water to the concentration required
for use. The ready-to-use spray is then milky white in
appearance, the opacity being given by the suspension of minute oil droplets
(containing the insecticide) throughout the water. The
advantages of an emulsion are: 1) it allows an insecticide insoluble in water,
to be applied using water as the carrier, 2) cheaper than ready-to-use
oil-based sprays, 3) lower fire risk, 4) less bulk (and weight) to
be carried, and 5) applied sprays are less visible on treated surfaces than
WETTABLE POWDERS. Disadvantages are 1) ready penetration (in common
with OIL sPRAYS) of treated porous surfaces resulting in shorter residual
life than wettable powders and 2) possible water staining on susceptible
surfaces. Certain emulsion concentrates may be diluted with kerosene
or other light mineral oil for use in a fogging machine. |
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Endemic
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(zoo,
di%) An animal is endemic when habitually present in a particular |
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area. A disease is described as endemic when constantly or generally
prevalent in a certain locality due to permanent local causes (e.g.
the presence of insect vectors). |
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Endrin
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(c/7ern) A highly toxic organochiorine compound little used in
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industrial
pest control and not at all in the U.K. Applications in overseas countries
have included outdoor use in mouse control and for the direct killing
of birds. Introduced in 1951 by Hyman & Co., an isomer of dieldrin
but more toxic than dieldrin and aidrin. Absorbed through the skin;
persistent. Acute oral LD50 (rat) 10-15 ifig: kg. |
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English
Sparrow.
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(zoo) See PASSER
DOMESTICUS.
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Entanglement
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(phy) A problem which occasionally arises in the use of a TACTILE
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REPELLENT of the gel type, when an alighting bird becomes contaminated
and unable to fly, possibly causing unfavourable public reaction.
Most likely to occur within the first 24 hours of treating a building,
partic~arly with heavy roosting pressure and when the repellent is not adhering
sufficiently to the treated ledge. See also STICKYBOARD. |
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Entex
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(p. proc!) See FENTHION. |
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Entoleter
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(equip) A physical method of pest control. A machine, now commonly
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installed in modern flour mills for the destruction by centrifugal force of
insects in milled products (Fig. 79). Effective against Ep/resria
kijllniella. Trihohurn confusurn, rrinus recrus and Acarus siro, common
contaminants of flour and other cereal products. |
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Environment
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(zoo, chern, phy) The surroundings in which an organism lives,
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influencing its growth and survival (see also HABITAT). Of man, factors
also influencing his social well-being and aesthetic fulfilment. A
word coming much into use in the late 1960's in connection with possible
adverse effects of pesticides on wild life. See also PROTECTED SPECIES
and TARGET SPECIES. |
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Enzyme
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(zoo,
c/rem) A chemical produced by living cells bringing about a
specific |
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biochemical change. highly reactive substances, e.g. amylase in
saliva, secreted by some insects, (e.g. flies) over food to pre-digest it;
or enzymes of the alimentary tract which reduce
food so that it may be absorbed through
the gut wall. |
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Ephestia
cautella.
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(ent) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae.
Formerly Cadra. The Tropical warehouse
moth.
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Also known as the Dried fruit, Dried
currant, Almond, or Fig moth. A pest of
stored nuts, dried fruit and cereals,
commonly contaminating cargoes imported from overseas.
It can breed in warehouses in temperate
climates during the summer but heavy
mortality occurs in winter. The larvae
spoil food by their excreta and webbing;
in large numbers they can also cause
souring' of foodstuffs. The larvae are not
unlike those of Epliesria kuhn/ella; they
feed mainly on the germ of grain,
their webbing often in sheets, covering the exteriors of
bagged foodstuffs. The adults fly actively, the wings are grey and banded
with lighter colours, not unlike those of Ephesria elate/la. Other
species of Ephestia, notably E. ca//della are occasionally imported into Britain
on shipments of dried fruits. |
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Ephestia
elutella.
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(cut) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae.
The Warehouse, Cacao or Cocoa
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moth,
sometimes called Tobacco moth. A general
feeder on cereals, pulses, cocoa, dried
fruits, nuts and tobacco, occasionally
increasing to very large populations. On
grain, the larvae tend to concentrate
their feeding on the embryos. The adults
fly actively. This insect is also a pest
of chocolate factories; the possibilik' of moths from infested
beans finding their way to finished
products can result in considerable loss of confidence and goodwill of the
public. Prosecution mav occasionally follow. |
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Ephestia ktihniella.
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(cut) Lepidoptera: Pyralidae.
Previously Anagasta. The
Mediterranean
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flour moth or Mill moth,
the primary pest of flour mills in
temperate and subtropical countries, occurring
in the milling machinery, ducts and
elevators, particularly abundant in machines processing bran and animal
feeds. E. ku�ii1e//a also occurs in
warehouses and bakeries to which it is
spread by infested sacks. It rarely attacks
commodities other than flour. The larvae
are dirty white with a dark brown head and
spin a silken tube within which they feed;
it is this webbing which blocks the flow
of products causing loss in mill
production. The period of larval development (minimum 5 weeks)
is much extended by low temperature and foods with poor nutritional
content. \\'hen mature (12-15 mm long) the larvae wander from
the flour to find crevices in which to pupate. The
adult is silver-gray and has a zigzag pattern of gray and black scales
on the wings. It lives for less than two weeks. There are five to eight
generations a year in heated mills, but this pest can survive the winter
in unheated premises. Control depends on
regular inspection and cleaning, together with the spraying of walls, local
treatment of machinery and fumigation (usually once
a year). |
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Epidemic
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(dis) A disease that affects large numbers of animals or a whole |
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community,
in one place in a very short space of time. Spreads rapidly throughout
a population resulting in a widespread outbreak (e.g. myxomatosis
in rabbits and influenza in humans). |
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Eradication
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(proc) The objective of pest control. The removal of the offending
organism
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with whatever safe and economic means available. As
a less acceptable alternative, the reduction of the pest to numbers that no
longer present a problem. Both objectives may require measures of PREVENTIVE
PEST CONTROL (q.v.) especially to stop the problem recurring. |
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Ethohexadiol
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(chem) Ethyl hexylene glycol, Ethyl hexanediol. An insect repellent
for
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personal protection, effective against most biting insects, first
described in 1945. A colourless liquid of faint odour, low solubility in
water but miscible in ethanol and related solvents. Not reactive with plastics
or clothing. The acute oral LD50 (rat) is 2600 mg kg. Generally formulated
with other repellents (e.g. DIMETHYL PHTHALATE). |
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Ethylene
dibromide.
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(chern) EDB. A fumigant with high insecticidal properties
first reported in |
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1925, and introduced under the trade name Bromofume' by Dow
Chemical Co. in 1946. Its use has been mainly for the control
of insects in fruit (developed in Hawaii), as a fumigant for grain and
for 'spot, treatment in flour mills. Ethylene
dibromide is a colourless, non-flammable liquid. It is an ingredient
of a number of liquid-type grain fumigants but it does not penetrate
well into stacks, and needs a longer period of aeration, compared with other
fumigants before the vapour is completely dissipated. The
gas is six times heavier than air. It has however found extensive use in
soil fumigation. EDB has a strong
chloroform-like odour, detectable at about 25 ppm. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 146 mg.kg. EDB causes severe burning of the
skin. |
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Ethylene
dichloride.
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(c/len') EDC. A colourless liquid with a strong sickly chloroform-like
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odour, introduced in 1927 as a component of insecticidal fumigants. It is not as
toxic to insects as other commorny used fumigants.
Because the vapour and liquid are inflammable (flash point 12-150C),
EDC is usually mixed 3:? by volume with carbon tetrachloride. Such mixtures are
commonly used for the fumigation of stored grain,
by evaporation of the liquid at 3 gal;looo bushels (130-225 g.m3).
Airing off takes longer than with other fumigants. It is not recommended
for use on foods with high oil content. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 670-890 mg kg. The odour of EDC is detectable
at 50 ppm which gives ample warning of its presence. The toxicity
to mammals is relatively low: the danger level to man (30 mm. exposure)
is 5000 ppm. Damage to the liver and kidneys occurs from excessive
doses. |
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Ethylene
oxide.
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(chem.) ETO. A fumigant, of
intermediate insecticidal activity, introduced
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in 1928. A mobile, colourless
liquid, inflammable in air at
concentrations above 3 7~> Because of the risk of fire and explosion it
is normally used admixed I : 9 by weight with carbon dioxide. The
principal application of ethylene oxide has been as a fumigant for bulk
grain in recirculating svstems and in the vacuum fumigation of packaged
foods and tobacco. Fungicidal and bactericidal properties have
been exploited in preventing the spoilage of foodstuffs such as spices
and the sterilisation of medical supplies and equipment. It also has
a lethal action against soil microflora. For insecticidal purposes an application
rate to foods of 100 g m3 for 3 hours (at 2025~C) is usually required.
Ethylene oxide produces intense irritation of the
eyes and nose which makes it self-warning.
The dangerous dose for animals (30 mins.-1 hr. exposure)
is 3000 ppm: concentrations above 5000 ppm are lethal after a
short time. Contact with the skin may cause burns. |
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Ethyl
formate.
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(chem) A little used
insecticidal fumigant; a volatile, colour less |
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inflammable liquid (boiling point 54~C). lt is dispensed from automatic machines
to individual packages of dried fruits on packaging lines to
keep them free from infestation during the short period before they leave
the processing plant. In practice ethyl formate diffuses out from the
package (depending on the type of pack) in about 48 hours. The
LC (rat) during a 4-hour exposure is 24 mg litre (8000 ppm). |
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Ethyl
hexanediol.
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(chem.) See ETHOMEXADIOL.
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Ethyl
hexylene glycol.
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(ent) See
ETHOHEXADIOL.
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Euborellia
annulipes.
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(ent) See DERNIAPTERA.
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Euophryum
confine.
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(ent) Coleoptera: Curculionidae. One of a number of
wood-boring
weevils, |
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including also E.
ri{/itni and Penrarrhrum hurroni infesting
timbers which are invariably affected by wet rot and therefore usually
in damp situations. Sapwood is readily attacked, but heartwood mav
also be destroyed. Found in 5)9 of buildings surveyed in Britain between
1960 and 1965. but thought to be increasing rapidly. Usually occur
in basements, bathrooms and kitchens but also associated with breweries
and wine cellars. Adults (3-5 mm long) are
reddish brown-black with typical weevil appearance.
Do not fly. Eggs are laid sinelv in holes in wood made by the
female: hatch in 9-3 weeks. the larvae (3 mm long) are white and legless,
maturln2 in 6-8 months. Tunnelling is similar to Anohium pttncto[ztrn,
but most prevalent in the spring wood. Faecal pellets much smaller,
darker and more rounded than A. puncrarum. The pupal chamber
is lined with fungal hyphae. Adults emerge during the summer through
holes bored at 452 to the surface, about I'S mm diameter, irre2ular
in outline and often associated with longitudinal striations on the
timber surface. Adults live for about one year, often feeding on the wood
(unlike other wood-boring beetles). |
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European
rat flea.
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(ent) See NOSOPSYLLUS FASCIATUS.
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European
starling.
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(zoo) See STLRNLS vULGARIS.
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Evidence (of
infestation).
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See DAMAGE, SIGNS
OF.
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Excreta
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(zoo) See FAECES.
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Excretory system.
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(zoo) The organs of the
body providing a regulatory mechanism for
the
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elimination
of waste products of metabolism. |
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Exotic
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(zoo) Alien. From another
country. A pest introduced from overseas, e.g.
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Iridiomyrmex,
now established in heated buildings in Britain. CL
INDIGENOUS. Limitation of the import of exotic species is the objective
of quarantine. |
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Exuvium
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(ent)
The cuticle of a larval insect, shed during moulting |
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