| Letter |
Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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A
B C D
E F G
H I J
K L M
N O P
Q R S
T U V
W X Y
Z |
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Alphabetical Listing of Terms |
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Fabric
pests
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Face
fly
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Faeces
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False
ceiling
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False
floor
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Famid
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Fannia
canicularis
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Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1947)
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Feeding
behaviour
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Fenchlorphos
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Fenitrothion
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Fenthion
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Feral
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Feral
pigeon
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Fertility
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Ficam
80W
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Field
cockroach |
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Field
cricket |
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Field
mice |
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Field
trial |
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Fig
moth |
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Filler |
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Filter
flies
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Fire
ants |
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Firebrat |
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First
aid |
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Fish
moth |
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Flat
grain beetles |
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Fleas
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Flies |
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Flour
mite |
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Fluoracetamide |
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Fluorakil |
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Fluorine
compounds |
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Flushing
agent |
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Fly
proofing |
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Fly
screens
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Fly
strings |
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Foetus |
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Fog |
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Fogging
machines |
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Folithion |
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Food
cart |
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Forficula
auricularia |
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Formaldehyde |
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Formicidae |
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Formulation |
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Frass |
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Free
flowing agent
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Freon |
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Fruit
flies |
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Fumarin |
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Fumigants |
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Fumigation |
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Fungal
infections |
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Fungus
beetles |
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Fungus
garden |
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Fur
beetle |
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Furniture
mite |
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Fabric
pests.
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(cut)
See TEXTILE PESTS.
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Face
fly.
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(ent)
See MUSCA AUTUMNALIS.
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Faeces
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(zoo) The excreta of animals usually referred to as 'droppings',
consisting
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of indiaestible residues of food, bacteria and alimentary secretions,
expelled through the anus, their presence in food making it unfit
for human consumption. In this respect. the principal offending animals
are rodents ( Ra (ties czar i'egic'iis. Ratries rat ries and 'ellis ill
lesciehes), the
amount of food fouled by these pests far exceeding the amount they consume.
Rats produce an average of 40 droppings per dav and mice about
SO. Those of the Brown rat are spindle-shaped and usually in groups.
Droppings of the Ship rat are sausage -shaped, usually some- what crescentic, and are more scattered (Fig. 31).
Mouse droppings are
much
smaller in size. that alistenina indic Droppings
are soft and Ite
the presence of li~e rodents;
large droppings (from adults) together with smaller droppings (from
young) indicate a breeding population. See also BIRD CONTROL. |
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False
ceiling.
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(Akig)
A suspended ceiling with a cavity above. constructed for
LI variety
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of purposes, often to improve the appearance of rooms with
high
or apexed ceilings. sometimes solely to allow the use of recessed indirect
lighting. The significance in pest control is that false ceilin~s pro,'
ide harbourages. especially for mice. and are rarely examined for infestation even if this is practically possible. |
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False
floor.
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(h/c4Q) A floor suspended on joists or battens with a cavity below.
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Access into such areas provides favourable harbourage for rodent and
insect infestation. Inspection covers should be provided whenever possible. |
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Famid
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(11. pl~oc/) See DIOXACARB.
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Fannia
canicularis.
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(cut) Diptera: Niuscidae. The Lesser house fly tFig. 43). commonly
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occurs indoors. especially males. which fly on irregular triangtilLlr
or square courses in rooms, usually tinder pendant lamps. ef.
NI I SCA i)i)\iizSTiCA. A major pest of poultry houses. causing LI nuisance
in nearby properties \�hen no effort is made to control them. The larvae bear
irregular protuberances with whip-like hairs enabline them
t ~) mo~ e through liquid or semi-I iquid food (e.g. &O\\ or poultry dune).
Effective control of Fannia canicularis depends upon treatment of larvae
in breeding sites; poultry house dropping pits; drainage channels outside
the houses and piles of poultry manure.
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Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (1947).
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(leg) This Act
first
introduced effective control of pesticides in the United
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States super-
ceding
the Insecticide Act of 1910. The 1947 Act has been amended on a number
of occasions, notably in 1959 when it was extended to cover other
biocides (Nematocides, plant regulators, defoliants and desiccants). Responsibility
for enforcement of the Act is now delegated to the Pesticides
Regulation Division of the Environmental Protection Agency of
the United States. This haises closely with the Food and Drug Administration
in its operation of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act
(1954) which provides for the control of pesticide residues in raw agricultural
commodities. |
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Feeding
behaviour.
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(zoo) The characteristic of animals in the selection and taking
of food,
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and the distance
traveled to obtain it. A subject of
particular
importance in the choice. use and siting of poison baits, especially
in rodent control. Rats
and mice eat all types of food (omnivorous) but show a preference
for cereals. Ship rats also show a liking for fruits and foods of high moisture
content. The amount of food consumed per day varies for the three
rodent pests: Brown rat 1 oz (30 g), Ship rat! oz (15 g) and House mouse
oz (3 g). Rats cut cereals with their teeth giving grain the appearance
of being chopped; mice kibble grains. (i.e. remove the outer
husk and eat usually only the white endosperm). Food
(together with warmth and harbourage) is one of the major factors
which encourage rodents to establish in. or close to, buildings. In
this respect, the Ship rat travels more extensively than the Brown rat in
foraging for food. The movement of mice between harbourage and food
is usually less than 10 m. often only 3-4 m, mice some- times
nesting and reproducing within the foodstuff itself. Brown rats require
about 2 oz (60 g) of water per day. Ship rats only~ oz (15 g) and mice
can survive without access to water. providing the foods available have
a reasonably high moisture content. Among
most animals there is a hierarchy in the social structure of a population
which determines the pecking order in the taking of food. This
is pronounced in birds (e.g. the feral pigeon). In addition most animals
(rodents and birds) are nervous when feeding and are thus very easily disturbed, birds in particular preferring to feed where their field
of
view is not restricted. Mice show the strongly developed habit of making
quick sorties between harbourage and food, taking small amounts
from different sources. This is believed to be an ancestral trait in
the avoidance of predators. |
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Fenchlorphos
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(chem.) An organophosphorus compound known as ronnel
in
the U.S.
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and Canada. Introduced in 1954 by Dow Chemical Co.
under
the trade names \ankor'. 'Trolene' and Korlan'. The technical material is a white crystalline solid which softens at 350C; insoluble in
water but soluble in
most organic solvents. Stable at temperatures up to
60~C; incompatible with alkaline materials. One
of the least toxic organophosphorus insecticides to man; used as a
residual spray, usually at I or 2�, against bedbugs, flies, fleas and mosquitoes.
Also against brown dog ticks and cockroaches resistant to organochlorine insecticides, and as a bait for houseflies. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 1 740 mg kg. This low toxicity also makes Fenchlorphos useful as an animal systemic insecticide. Formulations include
an emulsion concentrate for dilution with oil or water.
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Fenitrothion
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(chem.) An organophosphorus insecticide, introduced independently in
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1959
by Sumitomo Chemical Co. under the trade name Sumithion.
and by Bayer under the name 'Folithion'; a liquid of low volatility
with slight odour. turning brown in contact with alkali. Fenitrothion i~ a
contact insecticide with high activity against cockroaches, and
more persistent on treated surfaces than diazinon. In some countries, Fenitrothion
is permitted for use against insect pests of cereals when applied
to the fabric of buildings or boat holds, but not on surfaces against
which processed foods may come into contact. Fenitrothion
has an acute oral LD50 (rat) of250 mg kg; it is not readily absorbed
through the skin and does not accumulate in the human body. Dust.
emulsion, wettable powder and oil formulations are commercially available.
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Fenthion.
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(chem.) An organophosphorus compound introduced in 1957 by
Bayer
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under
many trade
names. including Baytex' and 'Entex'. The technical
material is a brown oily liquid of low volatility with a weak 2arlic odour. It has stomach and contact action; used as a residual spray
against
cockroaches. dies, mosquitoes, and brown dog ticks. The
acute oral LD.5{) (rat) is 215-245 mg kg but of higher toxicity to dogs
and poultry. It readily penetrates the skin. Formulations available include
wettable powders, emulsion concentrates. fogging concentrate and
granules (for use in mosquito control).
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Feral
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(zoo) A domesticated species which has reverted to the wild
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state.
Particularly
of feral pigeons which were originally dove-cote birds.
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Feral
pigeon.
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(zoo) See COLUMBA LIVIA.
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Fertility
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(zoo) Ability to produce viable offspring.
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Ficam
80W'.
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(p
prod) See BENDIOCARB.
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Field
cockroach.
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(cut) See BLATTELLA VAGA. |
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Field
cricket.
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(c/it) See CRICKETS.
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Field
mice.
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(zoo)
A collective term for outdoor living mice. The principal species in
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Britain are
the wood mouse (APODEMUS SYLVATICUS, q.v.), and the
Harvest mouse (.~!icrorny's minutus). Neither of these are recognised as
pests. although they may occasionally enter buildings for shelter and food
(Fig. 7). |
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Field
trial.
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(proc) See TEST N�ETHOD5.
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Fig
moth.
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(ent)
See EPHESTIA CAUTELLA.
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Filler
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(chem.) A DILUENT (q.v.) of dust and other pesticide formulations
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composed
of solids. |
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Filter
flies.
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(ent.)
See PSYCHODIDAE.
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Fire
ants.
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(ent)
See SOLENOPSIS.
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Firebrat
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(en!) SEE THERMOBIA DOMESTICA.
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First
aid.
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(proc)
The immediate steps to be taken in the event of accidental
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poisoning
with pesticides, whether actual or suspected. They do not replace
medical treatment by a qualified practitioner, but should be undertaken
while waiting for medical assistance. The seven general principles
of first aid are: I)
Send for a doctor and obtain medical aid and advice as soon as possible. 2) Never administer
anything orally to an unconscious victim. (See EMETIC.) 3) Loosen all tight
clothing, especially round the neck and waist. 4)
Keep the victim warm and quiet. 5)
Do not leave the victim alone until recovery is complete, or until medical
aid has been obtained. 6)
Always be prepared to administer ARTIFICIAL RESPIRATION (q.v.). 7)
In instances of surface contamination, remove contaminated clothing and
thoroughly wash affected parts with soap and water. For
certain pesticides there are specific ANTIDOTES (e.g. amyl nitrite for poisoning
by HYDROGEN CYANIDE). |
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Fish
moth.
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(ent)
See LEPISMA SACCHARINA.
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Flat
grain beetles.
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(ent.) See CRYPTOLESTES.
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Fleas
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(ent.) See
SIPHONAPTERA. |
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Flies
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. (ent.) See DIPTERA.
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Flour
mite.
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(zoo.)
See ACARUS SIRO.
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Fluoracetamide
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(chem.) Compound 1081, 'Fluorakil'. An organofluorine
compound
of high
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toxicity used as an acute rodenticide in cereal baits.
Application
in the U.K. is restricted by the Poisons Rules, 1970, to use in
sewers, and to drains in restricted areas on port docksides. The
technical material is a crystalline solid, very water soluble, odourless and
tasteless. Intensely poisonous to mammals, converted to fluorocitrate
in the body, upsetting carbohydrate metabolism. Not so rapid
in action as SODIUM MONOFLUOROACETATE (q.4'.). No known antidotes exist for
either of these poisons. The
acute oral LD50 (rat) is 15 mg/kg; dogs are much more susceptible. Readily
absorbed through cuts and abrasions of the skin. Formulations available include
Fluorakil 100' (technical material incorporating nigrosine
dye) and 'Fluorakil 3' (a 3% cereal bait for admixture, two parts
with one of water). Safety is best ensured by storage in a POISONS CUPBOARD
(q.v.), by restriction of use to experienced personnel, and
emphasis
on handling with extreme care. |
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Fluorakil
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(p. prod) See FLUORACETAMIDE. |
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Fluorine
compounds.
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(chem.)
Inorganic and organic pesticides containing the
element fluorine.
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See SODIUM FLUORIDE, SODIUM
MONOFLUORO-ACETATE and FLUORACETAMlDE. |
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Flushing
agent.
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(chem.)
A component of cockroach sprays to stimulate the insects
to
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leave their
harbourages, thus indicating the extent of the infestation and
the areas of a building requiring more intensive treatment. Low concentrations
of pyrethrum are commonly used for this purpose; also pyrethroids and
dichiorvos. The flushing action of pyrethrum derives
from rapid muscular stimulation before paralysis; also possibly its
repellent properties to cockroaches. |
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Fly
proofing.
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(proc) See FLY SCREENS, AIR CURTAIN and PLASTIC STRIP
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CURTAIN. |
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Fly
screens.
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(bldg) A method of fly proofing doors, windows and other ventilation
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points with mesh: 10 meshes per inch (4 per cm) for flies,
18
meshes per inch (6 per cm) for mosquitoes. Rot-proof nylon is suitable
for most purposes, fixed so that doors and windows can be opened;
proofing unfortunately reduces ventilation and light. See also
AIR CURTAIN and PLASTIC STRIP CURTAIN for entrances involving traffic. |
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Fly
strings.
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(chem.)
Cords impregnated with insecticide (e.g. diazinon) used for
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control. Vertically hanging objects are favoured by flies as
alighting
surfaces (hence the success of sticky fly papers), and fly strings provide
insecticidal action by contact with alighting flies as well as vapour
action in the area treated. The
use of impregnated cords was developed for dairy barns and poultry
houses to minimise hazard to animals, before SLOW RELEASE STRIPS (q.v.) became available. |
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Foetus.
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(zoo) The developing young of a mammal in the uterus, attached to
the
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placenta by an umbilicus (Fig. 32), at a stage when its external
parts
(e.g. limbs) are distinctly formed. Also, an advanced stage of embryological
development in the eggs of birds. |
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Fog.
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(chem.) A temporary suspension of droplets, usually of an insecticide,
in
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the air. Fogs are produced by breaking up an insecticide in solution (usually
in oil) into minute droplets either mechanically or by heat. See FOGGING
MACHINES. Fogs
are particularly effective for the control of flying insects (e.g. Ephestia elutella) but have little or no effect on developing larvae. Some insecticidal
activity can however be obtained on horizontal surfaces from
the fall out' of fogs when insecticides with residual action are used (e.g.
lindane). There is however little penetration into crevices unless the
nozzle of the equipment used is directed into them. |
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Fogging
machines.
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(equip) Equipment for the large scale application of insecticides
as a fog
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(dry) or mist (wet), sometimes also as a spray. Used
e.g.
for fly control on rubbish tips, mosquito control and for the space treatment
of warehouses against moths. Treatment should coincide with the
greatest activity of adults and when wind is minimal. Little or no residual
action is obtained. In some equipment both water and oil base fluids may be
used, but the type of fog obtained varies. Equipment available
includes: Atomisation
by hot air blast: air heated by a petrol burner atomises the insecticide
in an internal nozzle. E.g. TIFA (Todd Insecticide Fog Applicator):
output ranges from 9Ck180 1/hr; droplet size can be varied
to give a dry, medium or wet aerosol. Mso suitable for spraying. Usually
vehicle-mounted. Atomisation by exhaust of pulse-jet engine: Portable equipment. E.g. Swingfog
(Fig. 34): output ranges from 9-30 L / 1hr. Dynafog: output 9-270 L / hr. depending on model.
Atomisation
by spinning discs: small, portable electrically operated equipment.
Small droplets of insecticide are produced by the centrifugal force of spinning
discs rotating at high speed. A blower ejects the drop- lets
at high velocity. E.g. Microsol generator: output varies with model. Atomisation
by compressed gas: small portable equipment using gas (nitrogen)
at 20-70 kgflcm2 to eject the insecticide through a fine nozzle. E.g. Hi-Fog
suitable for fogging, misting and spraying. |
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Folithion
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(p. prod) See FENITROTHION.
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Food
cart.
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(equip) An American term for a mobile insulated metal container
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used
in hospitals and other institutions, for carrying hot meals
from kitchens to wards; invariably providing harbourage for cockroaches
and spreading infestation from one area of a building to another.
Insecticidal treatment must ensure that food does not become contaminated. |
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Forficula
auricularia.
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(ent) See DERMAPTERA.
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Formaldehyde
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(chem. A powerful bactericide and fungicide introduced as
a
disinfectant
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in 1888, used in soil fumigation and for bacterial sterilisation
(e.g. poultry houses) by spray and fog. A
colourless gas with pungent irritating odour and high chemical reactivity.
The usual formulation is a 40% aqueous solution (formalin) containing methanol to
delay polymerisation. |
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Formicidae
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(cur) The family of the Hymenoptera containing the ants;
small
social |
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insects with the abdomen distinctly constricted behind the
thorax
to form the pedicel, which may have one or two freely movable knobs
or scales. Antennae elbowed. Winged swarming forms are produced seasonally by
most species. Often the most persistent of pest insects,
the majority living outdoors gaining access to buildings during foraging,
a few species living indoors constructing their nests in the fabric
of buildings. The majority are nuisance pests, contaminating foods.
The number of pest species varies with climate. Those in Britain
include, Lasius niger (the Black garden ant) and introduced tropical
species Monomorium pharaonis and Iridomyrmex humilis. Additional
pest ants of warm climates are the Fire ants (Solenopsis spp.), Carpenter
ants (Camponotus spp.) which can cause serious damage to timber,
and various Honey ants. See also under individual species. |
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Formulation
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(chem.)
A convenient form of a pesticide which allows it to be used
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effectively
and safely at a required concentration for a specific
purpose. Incorporating a diluent, e.g. oil, water or other solvents (for
sprays) fillers and other inert ingredients (for dusts and powders), and
surfactants (for emulsions). The ingredients of rodenticidal formulations usually
contain a food base, sometimes additives to improve palatability
and occasionally hinders (e.g. waxes) in block baits. |
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Frass.
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(ent) The excreta and food debris of insects, e.g. the faecal pellets of
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larval textile pests, Hoffmannophila and Tineola, and the damaged fibres
which have not been eaten. Equally, the faecal material and particles
of uneaten wood produced by the larvae of woodboring beetles (boredust). |
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Free
flowing agent.
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(chem.) See
ANTICAKING AGENT.
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Freon.
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(p. prod.) See PROPELLANT.
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Fruit
flies.
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(en')
See DROSOPHILA
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Fumarin.
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(chem.) Coumafuryl. An anticoagulant rodenticide of the |
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hydroxycoumarin type,
allied to warfarin and equal in efficacy against Rattus norvegicus
and R. rattus, but somewhat less effective, requiring longer feeding,
against Mus rnusculus. The technical material is a fine white-creamy powder;
chronic oral LD50 (rat) l~4 mg/kg per day for 5 consecutive days; acute oral
LD50 (rat) 200400 mg/kg. |
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Fumigants.
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(chem.) Volatile chemicals, vapours entering the body by
inhalation;
or
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(in insects) also through the body surface. A miscellaneous
group
of chemical compounds used as gases to control insects in stored foodstuffs,
buildings and ships, and sometimes for rodent control. They may
be applied directly as a gas (hydrogen cyanide, sulphuryl fluoride) or
as a liquid which vaporises to the gas phase (carbon tetrachloride and
ethylene dichloride). Two of the most widely used fumigants for the
treatment of foodstuffs are methyl bromide and phosphine (from aluminium
phosphide). Certain of the contact insecticides (e.g. lindane and
dichiorvos) evaporate readily and are described as having fumigant action.
Fumigants have no residual properties following 'airing off'. No fumigant
should be used without the appropriate safety equipment and without
training or previous experience in fumigation techniques. |
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Fumigation.
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(proc) The application of a toxic substance in the form of a gas, vapour,
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volatile liquid or solid in the atmosphere of a closed container (e.g.
fumigation chamber, Fig. 39) or structure (e.g. building or stack,
under gas-proof sheets) which can be made sufficiently gas tight for
the purpose (Figs. 36 and 37). The required concentration of gas must be
maintained for a specified period (see CT PRODUCT) and the container or
space subsequently ventilated. For some pests (e.g. insects in foodstuffs)
fumigation is the only satisfactory method of treatment. The amount
of fumigant used (e.g. with methyl bromide) is often dependent on
the temperature and the degree of gas-tightness achieved. |
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Fungal
infections.
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(dis) Diseases arising through the activity of fungi. Examples
in pest
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control are the yeast
Cryptococcosis neoformans and the
fungus Histoplasma capsulaturn. Dust from bird droppings or soil contaminated with
droppings may be infected with these fungi and can be readily
inhaled under dry conditions. Cases
of Cryptococcosis and Histoplasmosis (rare) have been recorded among
workers in bird infested buildings in the U.S.A. Histoplasmosis can also
be contracted from the shovelling or
sweeping of bat guano. |
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Fungus
beetles.
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(ent) Beetles of several families including Cryptophagidae,
Lathridiidae.
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and
Mycetophagidae, which
feed on moulds, sometimes those growing
on damp plaster (Fig. 41), hence the alternative name for some species of
Plaster beetles. Common in all
ill-ventilated buildings with high humidity (cellars, warehouses, flour mills),
occasionally contaminating foods. Minor pests in houses shortly after
erection, before the plaster has dried out. Common
species are Anthicus floralis, Cryptop/laglis acurangulus, En
1cm us minutus, Wycetaea h/na and Typhaea stercorea. Ventilation
and drying out of premises eliminates mould growth and
the insect infestation. Otherwise control with a mouldicide, with or
without insecticide, sprayed onto walls. Destroy infested foodstuffs. |
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Fungus
garden.
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(ent) A globular structure produced within the nest of some termites
(the
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Macrotermitidae) consisting of termite faecal matter
(mostly
lignin) which supports the growth of certain Basidiomycete fungi.
It is believed that these fungi break down the lignin into constituents suitable
as food; an alternative to the proctodeal feeding of other
termites. See WORKER TERMITE. |
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Fur
beetle.
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(ent) See ATTAGENUS PELLIO.
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Furniture
mite.
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(zoo)
See GLYCYPHAGUS DOMESTICUS. |
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